认知语言学

1. 4班5组 Given by: 杨艳艳，孙宇，赵德惠，刘慧慧，张艳苓 认知语言学

2. 含义 • 渊源 • 基本理论 • 应用

3. What is Cognition? • Mental processes, information processing • Mental process or faculty of knowing, including awareness, perception, reasoning, and judgment.

4. Cognitive Linguistics • Cognition is the way we think. • Cognitive linguistics is the scientific study of the relation between the way we communicate and the way we think. • It is an approach to language that is based on our experience of the world and the way we perceive and conceptualize it.

5. 含义： • Categorization（范畴化）：The process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences • 范畴：指事物在认知中的归类

6. 层次： • basic level • superordinate level • subordinate level.

7. Basic Category （基本范畴） • 含义： • 特征

8. superordinate Category • 含义

9. subordinate Category • 含义

10. Basic level Superordinate level Animal Horse Dog Cat Chihuahua German dachshund shepherdSubordinate levelVertical organization

11. 原型理论 • Prototypes：the best examples of a category • 作用 • 原形范畴的特点： • 成员之间享有家族相似性 • 成员之间的地位不是平等的，具有中心成员和边缘成员之分

12. 行为 & 事件范畴 • 含义 • 也符合原型理论 例子：lie & white lie • 也包含三个层次 例子：move-walk-limp，hobble，amble，wander 例子：meal-breakfast-fast breakfast

13. Image Schema（意象图式） • Johnson, Mark. 1987.The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

14. 世界 认知的两个层面 • 事物 认识事物 范畴 • 其关系 认识其关系 意象图式

15. 含义： An image-schema is a “skeletal” mental representation of a recurrent pattern of embodied (especially spatial or kinesthetic) experience. 意象图式是在对事物之间基本关系的认知的基础上所构成的认知结构 • 类型：

16. Center-periphery schema • Involves • a physical or metaphorical core and edge, and • degrees of distance from the core. • Examples (English): • An individual’s social sphere, with family and friends at the core and others having degrees of peripherality

17. Containment schema • Involves a physical or metaphorical

18. Bodily experience: human bodies as containers. • Structural elements: interior, boundary, exterior • Examples： • The ship is coming into view. • She’s deep in thought. • We stood in silence.

19. Cycle schema • Involves repetitious events and event series. Its structure includes the following: • A starting point • A progression through successive events without backtracking • A return to the initial state • The schema often has superimposed on it a structure that builds toward a climax and then goes through a release or decline.

20. Examples (English) • Days • Weeks • Years • Sleeping and waking • Breathing • Circulation • Emotional buildup and release

21. End-of-path schema • An image schema in which a location is understood as the termination of a prescribed path • Example (English): In the following sentence, it is understood that one must traverse the hill before reaching Sam’s home, which is at the end of the path: • Sam lives over the hill.

22. Force schema • Involves physical or metaphorical causal interaction. It includes the following elements: • A source and target of the force • A direction and intensity of the force • A path of motion of the source and/or target • A sequence of causation

23. Examples (English): • Physical: Wind, Gravity • Structural elements: force, path, entity, etc. • Interaction, directionality, causality • Compulsion • Blockage • Counterforce • Diversion • Removal of restraint

24. Link schema • Consists of two or more entities, connected physically or metaphorically, and the bond between them. Entity A Entity B

25. Examples (English): • A child holding her mother’s hand • Someone plugging a lamp into the wall • A causal “connection” • Kinship “ties”

26. Part-whole schema • Involves physical or metaphorical wholes along with their parts and a configuration of the parts. • Examples (English): • Physical: The body and its parts • Metaphorical: The family; The caste structure of India

27. Path schema • Involves physical or metaphorical movement from place to place, and • consists of a starting point, a goal, and a series of intermediate points.

28. Examples (English): • Physical: Paths; Trajectories • Metaphorical: The purpose-as-physical-goal metaphor, as expressed in the following sentences: • Tom has gone a long way toward changing his personality. • You have reached the midpoint of your flight training. • She's just starting out to make her fortune. • Jane was sidetracked in her search for self-understanding.

29. Scale schema • Involves an increase or decrease of physical or metaphorical amount, and • consists of any of the following: • A closed- or open-ended progression of amount • A position in the progression of amount • One or more norms of amount • A calibration of amount

30. Examples: • Physical amounts • Properties in the number system • Economic entities such as supply and demand

31. Verticality schema A • Involves “up” and “down” relations. • Examples: • Standing upright • Climbing stairs • Viewing a flagpole • Watching water rise in a tub B

32. Metaphor • George Lakoff and Mark Johnson (1980). Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press.

33. 含义： • Metaphors are actually cognitive tools that help us structure our thoughts and experiences in the world around us. • Metaphor is a conceptual mapping, not a linguistic one, from one domain to another, not from a word to another.

34. Target domain - what is actually being talked about. • Source domain - the domain used as a basis for understanding target • Ontological correspondence • Epistemic correspondence Target domain Source domain RATIONAL ARGUMENT WAR

35. 完形心理基础 • 相似原则 • 顺接原则

36. 起源 • 需要是隐喻之母

37. 类型---常规隐喻 • 含义：指隐喻意义已成为词汇的部分含义，已收入辞典中，成为约定俗成的字面含义。 • 类型 • 实体隐喻ontological metaphor • 结构隐喻Structural Metaphor • 方位隐喻Orientational Metaphor

38. 实体隐喻 ontological metaphor • 含义：人们将抽象的和模糊的思想，感情，心理活动，事件，状态等无形的概念看做是具体的，有形的实体，因而可以对其进行谈论，量化，识别其特征及原因等。

39. 例子: LIFE IS A JOURNEY

41. 结构隐喻 Structural Metaphor • 含义：指以一种概念的结构来构造另一种概念，使两种概念相叠加，使谈论一种概念的各方面的词语用于谈论另一概念。

42. 例子： • ARGUMENT IS WAR: • Your claims are indefensible. • He attacked every weak point in my argument. • His criticisms were right on target. • I demolished his argument. • I’ve never won an argument with him. • You disagree? OK, shoot! • If you use that strategy, he’ll wipe you out. • He shot down all of my arguments.

43. 方位隐喻 Orientational Metaphor • 含义：指参照空间方位而组建的一系列隐喻概念。

44. 例子：MORE IS UP The stock prices keep rising these days. The number of errs he made is incredibly low. 科学技术使农业生产逐年提高。

45. 例子: • HAPPY IS UP; SAD IS DOWN • That boosted my spirits • I’m feeling down • I’m depressed • CONSCIOUS IS UP; UNCONSCIOUS IS DOWN • Wake up • He fell asleep • He’s under hypnosis

46. 类型---创新隐喻 • 文学隐喻----扩展隐喻 • 科学中的隐喻： • 在科学理论的阐释中经常使用隐喻 • 隐喻可以帮助科学家发明和发现新事物 • 隐喻在科学中的命名功能

47. 3.5 Metonymy • It is a cognitive process in which one conceptual entity, the vehicle, provides mental access to another conceptual entity, the target, within the same domain.

48. 类型 • Two general conceptual configurations: • whole ICM and its part(s) • parts of an ICM. (1) Whole ICM and its part(s) (i) Thing-and-Part ICM, which may lead to two metonymic variants: • WHOLE THING FOR A PART OR THE THING: America for “United States” • PART OF A THNG FOR THE WHOLE THING: England for “Great Britain”

49. (ii) Scale ICM. Scales are a special class of things and the scalar units are parts of them. Typically, a scale as a whole is used for its upper end and the upper end of a scale is used to stand for the scale as a whole: • WHOLE SCALE FOR UPPER END OF THE SCALE: Henry is speeding again for “Henry is going too fast.” • UPPER END OF A SCALE FOR WHOLE SCALE: How old are you? for “what is your age?”

50. (iii) Constitution ICM. It involves matter, material or substances which are seen as constituting a thing. • OBJECT FOR MATERIAL CONSTITUTING THE OBJECT: I smell skunk. • MATERIAL CONSTITUTING AN OBJECT FOR THE OBJECT: wood for “forest”