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Principles of Ecology

Principles of Ecology. Chapter 2. September 23, 2010. Updated grades posted Up Close and Personal – observations Go get a leaf! Preferably one on the ground or at least some of you.. Finish reading 2.1 and define Vocabulary in your own words in your glossary with a picture….

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Principles of Ecology

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  1. Principles of Ecology Chapter 2

  2. September 23, 2010 • Updated grades posted • Up Close and Personal – observations • Go get a leaf! Preferably one on the ground or at least some of you.. • Finish reading 2.1 and define Vocabulary in your own words in your glossary with a picture….

  3. September 24, 2010 • Finish up Vocabulary 2.1 in your glossary, own words and a picture • (Chapter 2 in book, section 1) • Notes 2.1, 2,.2 • Problem Solving Lab 2.1

  4. Couche’s Spadefoot Toad of Sonoran Desert • Lies Dormant 11/12 months • Sensors that detect vibrations of violent rainstorms • Emerges from sand • Males call Females • Egg Laying occurs in pools of water • Frogs return to sand for protection against sun

  5. Organisms & their environment • What is Ecology?? • Scientific study of interactions among organisms & their environment • Living & nonliving, using all fields, math, chemistry, physics, geology • Scientific research by descriptive & quantitative methods

  6. Aspects of Ecological Study • Biosphere – portion of earth that supports life from the air that supports birds to the bottom of the ocean • It is widely diverse – desert to rain forest http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  7. Organisms in Ecosystems • Habitat • A place where an organism lives out its life • Niche • How the organism lives its life • How each species meets its needs for food, shelter, survival, reproduction – • all interactions between biotic & abiotic (humming bird/polar bear) http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  8. Abiotic Factors • nonliving part of an organisms environment factors include: • Air current, temperature, • moisture, light, soil Biotic Factors • all the living organisms that inhabit an environment All organisms depend on others for food, Shelter, protection, reproduction http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  9. Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  10. Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  11. Abiotic or Biotic? Abiotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  12. Abiotic or Biotic? Biotic http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  13. 1st Level of Organization • Organism:An individual living thing that is made of cells, uses energy, reproduces, responds, grows, and develops http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  14. 2nd Level of Organization • Population:A group of organisms, all of the same species, which interbreed and live in the same place at the same time. Compete for resources such as food/water http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  15. 3rd Level of Organization • Biological Community:All the populations of different species that live in the same place at the same time. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  16. 4th Level of Organization • Ecosystem: Populations of plants and animals that interact with each other in a given area with the abiotic components of that area. (terrestrial or aquatic) http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  17. Ecosystems • Three major kinds of ecosystems: • Terrestrial – land, forest, meadows, desert • Freshwater – lakes • Marine or saltwater – 75 %

  18. Energy Flow Through an Ecosystem • Begins with the SUN • Photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight & chlorophyll C6H12O6 + 6O2 http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  19. Photosynthesis • Chemical reaction where green plants use water & carbon dioxide to store the sun’s energy in glucose • ENERGY is stored in glucose • Glucose is stored as starch in plants http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  20. Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  21. PRODUCERS Organisms that can make glucose during photosynthesis Producers use most of the energy they make for themselves.

  22. Producers use cellular respiration to supply the energy they need to live. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology CELLULAR RESPIRATION is the chemical reaction that releases the energy in glucose. 6O2 + C6H12O6 -->> 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy

  23. The energy that is not used by producers can be passed on to organisms that cannot make their own energy. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  24. CONSUMERS Organisms that cannot make their own energy http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  25. Consumers eat producers to get energy: Herbivores- eat plants Omnivores – eat Plants and animals Carnivores – eat animals Most of the energy is used by the consumer but some of the energy moves into the atmosphere as heat. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  26. Predators-Consumers that hunt & kill other consumers Prey- animals that are hunted & killed http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  27. Scavengers consumers that eat other dead consumers http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  28. October 4, 2010 • Write 2 test questions from your notes.. • Summarize notes • Get out your food chain/food web worksheets from Friday so I can see where you are • Left side ??? Of the day: • Differentiate between a food chain and a food web in terms of energy flow • Finish up Food Chain/Food Web wkst • Notes for Chapter 2 – Quiz Wednesday

  29. Gazelle • Ingenious cooling system – cool brain • Runs at speeds up to 50 mph • Hundreds of small arteries that pass through a large pool of blood in the nasal passages • Inhaled air cools nasal blood in small arteries like a heat exchanger

  30. October 5, 2010 • Quiz on Chapter 2 WED! Tomorrow • Make sure table of contents up to date~ • PS Lab 2.2 • Grade Food Chain and Food Web Worksheet • Finish Notes…

  31. October 6, 2010 • Differentiate between: • Mutualism • Commensalism • Parasitism • And give an example plz! • Grade Food Chain/Web worksheet • Finish up Notes • Draw out Cycles • Go over PS Lab 2.2

  32. Food Webs: • Are interconnected food chains • They show the feeding relationships in an ecosystem http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  33. FOOD CHAIN – shows the transfer of energy from the sun to producer to primary consumer then to higher order consumers http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  34. Food Chains Show Available Energy http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  35. Ecological Pyramids Graphic Representations Of The Relative Amounts of Energy or Matter At Each Trophic Level May be: Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  36. Energy Pyramid http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  37. Energy Pyramid • Amount of available energy decreases for higher consumers • Amount of available energy decreases down the food chain • It takes a large number of producers to support a small number of primary consumers • It takes a large number of primary consumers to support a small number of secondary consumers http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  38. Human Energy Pyramid Biomass Pyramid http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  39. Pyramid of Numbers http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  40. http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/biology

  41. Carbon Cycle • Carbon is the basic building block for all living organisms • It is moved through the atmosphere by plants/animals in CO2/O2 exchange through breathing and photosynthesis • Large carbon deposits exist in the oceans and soil from dead organisms

  42. Carbon Cycle www.windows.ucar.edu/.../images/carboncycle.jpg

  43. Water Cycle • Water is stored in all three states of matter • It is released into the atmosphere by evaporation and from plants through transpiration • It is cycled through precipitation and runoff

  44. http://www.marietta.edu/~biol/102/wcycle.gif

  45. Nitrogen Cycle • Although the atmosphere is >70% organisms cannot utilize nitrogen in that form • Nitrogen is essential for plant growth, obtained through soil • Nitrogen can be found in all waste products of animals

  46. Nitrogen Cycle www.windows.ucar.edu/.../images/nitrogencycle.jpg

  47. Phosphorous Cycle • Phosphorous is stored in rocks and soil • Phosphorous is then moved through the rock and water cycle • Plants and animals take in phosphorous

  48. Phosphorous Cycle http://www.ikzm-d.de/abbildungen/59_phosphoruscycle.gif

  49. Communities • Limiting Factors • Anything (biotic or abiotic) that restricts the organisms population, existence, distribution • Range of Tolerance • How long an organism can tolerate changes in biotic and abiotic factors (ex.: catfish vs bass)

  50. Primary Succession – first species in the area (climax community) Secondary Succession- growth and changes to the area a after major upheaval, either natural or human, fire, deforestation, earthquake(soil is present already)Biodiversity- variations in living organisms

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