بســـم اللــه الرحمن الرحيم

1. بســـم اللــه الرحمن الرحيم قال تعالى: أفرأيتم النار التي تورون (71) أأنتم أنشأتم شجرتها أم نحن المنشؤون (72) سورة الواقعة

2. College of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering

3. A Case Study of Liquid Fuel Combustion & Solid Fuel Combustion {Biological Liquid & Solid Fuel Combustion} By ENG: Mu’taz Abdulhafez Al-Muhtaseb

4. Table of Contents • Introduction - Definitions of Fuels -Classifications of Fuels • Bio-Diesel Fuels ( Jojoba Fuel and WVO Fuel)

5. Table of Contents (contd) • Solid Fuel Combustion -( Ultimate Analysis, Proximate Analysis ) • Bio-Mass Fuel ( Olive Cake ) • Results and Discussion • Conclusions • Recommendations • References

6. Definitions of Fuels Fuels are substances which, when heated, undergo chemical reaction with an oxidizer, typically oxygen, to liberate heat. Commercially important fuels contain carbon and hydrogen and their compounds, which provide heating value

7. Definitions (contd) Fuels may be fossil (non-renewable) or bio-fuel (renewable) Fuels may be solid, liquid or gaseous Fossil fuels may be coal, petroleum-crude derived or natural gas. Bio-Fuels may be Bio-Mass, Bio-Diesel, or Bio-Gas.

8. Fuels 1st Classification of Fuels RenewableFuels Fossil Fuels Advantages Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

9. Fossil FuelAdvantages • Cheap • Plentiful

10. Fossil FuelDisadvantages Global Environmental Problems Since the beginning of industrial age, the use of fossil fuels has increased and leads to increase many global problems such as : Increasing the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere about (2.5 billions of tons per year stay in air)

12. This has probably also increased the earth's temperature, warmer global temperature can lead to melting of the polar ice caps and higher ocean levels

13. Other global environmental pollution is the great increasing in sulfur dioxide emissions It is the primary cause of acid rain. Acid rain can have many harmful effects, including the acidification of lakes with significant decline in fish population and damage to humane health

14. They arise primarily from the burning of fossil fuels and oxidation of sulfur S+O2SO2 and 2SO2+O22SO3 and SO3+H2OH2SO4 (the acid rain) Coal( Non-Renewable Fuel ) for example, contains as much as 6% sulfur by weight

15. Impact of acid rain: 1- Acidification of aquatic ecosystems. 2- Vegetation damage, forest decline and reduced crop yield 3- Health risks: mobilization heavy metals and respiratory irritation

16. 1908 1968

17. Global Economic Problems Just know that the oil barrel rise up to 70$/barrel in 2005, Where it was equal about 26$/barrel in 2004

18. Jordanian Environmental Problems The local Diesel nowadays is beyond the standard legal limits which should not exceed more than 350 mg/ Kg diesel, but the emissions of sulfur of The local diesel is 10 000 mg/Kg diesel  11 000 mg/Kg diesel

19. Jordanian Economic Problems The government increased prices of oil derivatives by 4.8%  29%, effective as of today Officials said the deficit was envisaged at JD270 million in 2005 budget

20. After all of these environmental and economical global problems and others for Jordan, It is the time to begin to search to renewable resources that will return the balance to environmental cycle, and decrease the economic budget deficits

21. So The Main Objective is To Use Jojoba oil as an Alternative Bio-Diesel Fuel (Bio-Fuel Combustion) To Use the Olive Cake as Bio-Mass Fuel (Solid Combustion)

22. Some advantages of renewable fuels {just headlines} are listed below:- There is infinite supply of renewable energy Renewable fuels are carbon natural Renewable fuels strengthen the economy, and decrease the budget deficit.

23. نحو أردن ٍ أخضر

24. Fuels 2nd Classification of Fuels Gas Liquid Solid CH4 Fossil Fuel CH4 Composting Gasoline Fossil Fuel Vegetable Oil Renewable Coal Fossil Fuel Olive Cake Renewable

25. Renewable means that something comes back after it is used. Then you pick apple from a tree you do so knowing that another will grow to replace it. This is similar to use vegetable oil as fuel, more crops will grow and more vegetable oil will be produced. This cycle can go on endlessly as long as we take care of our land; renewable fuels will never run out.

26. Fuels Bio-Diesel Fuel Combustion  Jojoba Oil THE JOJOBA PLANT Family: Simmondsiaceae Species: chinensi Genus: Simmonsis

27. Jojoba (pronounced ho—ho—ba)is a desert shrub that grows wild in southern Arizona, northwest Mexico and neighboring areas. It is a woody evergreen shrubwhich is2—3 ft high, easily recognized by its thick, leathery, bluish green leaves and darkbrown nutlike fruit

28. It is robust, drought tolerant, and withstands desert heat without requiring much water or shade. Moreover, its water requirement is timed to meet the scarcity of rainfall in deserts

29. Planting Jojoba in Jordan

30. Jojoba oil

31. Oil Characteristics Flash and Fire Points Jojoba oil has a high flash and fire point allows for its use in many industrial areas with safe side at high critical working conditions such transportation Moisture Content Jojoba oil has almost No Moisture content

32. MATERIALS, METHODS, AND PROCEDURES Bio-oil material Pure Jojoba oil was used in this experiment as bio-oil Engine setup Lombardini Engine

33. Storage Tanks

34. Modified injector pressure • injector pressure modification done by disconnecting and dismantles injector. 2. adding specific rings to get injector pressure of 120,140,190, and 210 bars .

35. Procedure • The engine runs at different injector pressures (120,140,190,210 bars). • In all trials the engine should be operated at maximum speed, and for duration of 15 minute to reach steady state

36. 1. Measurements of Exhaust Gas Emissions: UniGas 3000,gas analyzer was used to measured : • Exhaust Temperature • Combustion efficiency

37. Measurement of engine speed Tachometer (compact, M79 RH) was used to measure the engine speed (RPM) for diesel fuel, Jojoba oil, WVO.

38. Measurement of fuel consumption [FC]: F.C = volume consumed / time for consuming certain fuel volume

39. Part One: Thermal Efficiency of Combustion Combustion efficiency with injector pressure for WVO and Diesel fuel

40. Fuel consumption with injector pressure for WVO and Diesel fuel

41. Exhaust gases temperature with injector pressure for WVO and Diesel fuel

42. Results of Engine Performance(Gas Emissions) For Local Diesel Fuel:- NO = 61 ppm NOx =63 ppm SO2= 10 000 ppm For Jojoba Oil as Fuel:- NO =33 ppm NOx =34 ppm SO2=0.0

43. Fuel Bio-Mass {Solid} Fuel Combustion  Olive Cake

44. Biomass ?? Biomass is plant matter or other biological material, such as trees, grasses, or agricultural crops. On average, biomass is made of 75% carbohydrates and 25% lignin. Lignin forms the woody cell walls of the plants.

45. Biomass • Wood and Wood products

46. Biomass • Agricultural Byproducts and Residues

47. Biomass • Trees, shrubs, grasses and other energy crops • Typically fast growing

48. Biomass Uses for Energy • Heating – stoves, process heat • Cooking – developing world • Transportation – ethanol • Electric Power Production

49. Technologies used to Produce Electricity from Biomass • Direct Combustion - burning biomass with excess air to produce steam

50. Technologies (cont.) • Gasification – heat biomass without oxygen to produce a calorific gas