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Announcements. Revised Final Exam date: THURSDAY 03/15/2007 08:30-10:20 BAG 131. Today. What is morphology? Types of morphemes Readings: 5.1, 5.3, 5.4. Morphology. The study of words and the rules for word formation in a language. What is a word?.

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Announcements

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  1. Announcements • Revised Final Exam date: • THURSDAY 03/15/2007 08:30-10:20 BAG 131

  2. Today • What is morphology? • Types of morphemes Readings: 5.1, 5.3, 5.4

  3. Morphology • The study of words and the rules for word formation in a language

  4. What is a word? • A meaningful unit of language that can stand on its own • Stored in mental lexicon w/ information about its ‘part of speech’ (noun, verb, adj., etc.) • Composed of one or more morphemes

  5. Morpheme • The smallest meaningful linguistic unit • apple, cat, help, salamander, fling, lens • -er, -ing, -s • pre-, un-

  6. ‘Oversimplifications’ 1: simple 2: simple + ify 3: simple + ify + cation 4: over + simple + ify + cation 5: over + simple + ify + cation + s

  7. Definitions • Affix: general term for morphemes attached to a root or stem • prefix: beginning of word (e.g., pre-) • suffix: end of word (-ness, -ly, -tion) • infix: inside a word • Tagalog [-um-]: [bili] ‘buy’  [bumili] ‘to buy’ • circumfix: ‘around’ a word (at both ends) • German [ge- -t]: spiel- ‘play’  gespielt

  8. Definitions • Root: forms base for affixes to attach to; cannot be analyzed into smaller parts • Stem: formed when a root is combined with an affix (that other affixes can continue to be attached to) root: taste(verb) stem: dis + taste(prefix + verb) stem: dis + taste + ful(prefix + verb + suffix) stem: dis + taste + ful + ly(prefix + verb + suffix + suffix)

  9. Types of morphemes • Bound vs. Free • Derivational vs. Inflectional • Content vs. Function

  10. Free vs. Bound morphemes • Free morphemes: • can occur as an independent word all by themselves • Simple words: cat, eat, green, pumpkin, the, is

  11. Free vs. Bound morphemes • Bound morphemes: • Cannot stand alone, but must be attached to other morphemes • Affixes: un-, pre-, dis-, -ly, -ness, -tion • Bound roots: -ceive (conceive, receive, deceive, perceive) -sist (consist, resist, desist, persist)

  12. I know a little man both ept and ert. An intro-? extro-? No, he's just a vert. Sheveled and couth and kempt, pecunious, ane, His image trudes upon the ceptive brain. When life turns sipid and the mind is traught, The spirit soars as I would sist it ought. Chalantly then, like any gainly goof, My digent self is sertive, choate, loof. attributed to David McCord (b. 1897)

  13. I know a little man both ept and ert. An intro-? extro-? No, he's just a vert. Sheveled and couth and kempt, pecunious, ane, His image trudes upon the ceptive brain. When life turns sipid and the mind is traught, The spirit soars as I would sist it ought. Chalantly then, like any gainly goof, My digent self is sertive, choate, loof. attributed to David McCord (b. 1897)

  14. Derivational vs. inflectional affixes • Derivational affixes: • when added to a word, make or derive a new word w/ a new meaning… • …sometimes changing the part of speech of the word • use (v.) + able usable (adj.) • happy (adj.) + ness happiness (n.) • …sometimes not • un + happy (adj.) unhappy (adj.) • re + produce (v.) reproduce (v.)

  15. Derivational vs. inflectional affixes • Inflectionalaffixes: • indicate grammatical roles; do not change basic meaning of the word, e.g., • 3rd per. sg.: -s He walks. • past tense: -ed He walked. • progressive: -ing He is walking. • past participle: -en He has eaten. • plural: -s I have cats. • possessive: -’s cat’s eye • comparative: -er She is older. • superlative: -est She is oldest.

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