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In the Beginning…. …was the word. The Golem of Prague. …and numbers too. Software for Golems. A successful fraud…. …until a Scot took it apart. Sir Robert Murray Keith.
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…was the word The Golem of Prague
…until a Scot took it apart Sir Robert Murray Keith
To be a machine, to feel, think, know good from evil like blue from yellow . . .-Julien Offray de La Mettrie, Man a Machine
If we had it [a characteristica universalis], we should be able to reason in metaphysics and morals in much the same way as in geometry and analysis If controversies were to arise, there would be no more need of disputation between two philosophers than between two accountants. For it would suffice to take their pencils in their hands, to sit down to their slates, and to say to each other... : Let us calculate”
That old sorcerer has vanished And for once has gone away! Spirits called by him, now banished, My commands shall soon obey. Every step and saying That he used, I know, And with sprites obeying My arts I will show. Flow, flow onward Stretches many Spare not any Water rushing, Ever streaming fully downward Toward the pool in current gushing. Come, old broomstick, you are needed, Take these rags and wrap them round you! Long my orders you have heeded, By my wishes now I've bound you. Have two legs and stand, And a head for you. Run, and in your hand Hold a bucket too.
Ah, the word with which the master Makes the broom a broom once more! Ah, he runs and fetches faster! Be a broomstick as before! Ever new the torrents That by him are fed, Ah, a hundred currents Pour upon my head! No, no longer Can I please him, I will seize him! That is spiteful! My misgivings grow the stronger. What a mien, his eyes how frightful! Brood of hell, you're not a mortal! Shall the entire house go under? Over threshold over portal Streams of water rush and thunder. Broom accurst and mean, Who will have his will, Stick that you have been, Once again stand still! Can I never, Broom, appease you? I will seize you, Hold and whack you, And your ancient wood I'll sever, With a whetted axe I'll crack you.
"To the lonely Corner, broom! Hear your doom. As a spirit When he wills, your master only Calls you, then 'tis time to hear it."
Mechanical Jurisprudence and the Codes – User requirements • Coherence • Completeness – for every question put to the court, there must be an answer • which the court can reach in finite time (Halting problem) • Decidable set of proofs (for appeal courts)
How to do it • Nulla poena sine lege • “Negation as failure”
lex specialis derogat legi generali and Kelsen’s Hierarchy of Norms • Principia Mathematica and theory of types
And finally… • Completeness – for every question put to the judge, there must be an answer which the judge can reach in finite time • Dworkin’s Hercules • - and the law as “oracle machine”
financial fraudPrevention Oriented Information Resources using Ontology Technology
IF COMPANY A is checking the SUPPLY AND COMPANY A purchased GOODS in a TRANSACTION from COMPANY B • And TRANSACTION:PRICE < the lowest open market value of GOODS:PRICE THEN COMPANY A should check with the SUPPLIER if there is a valid reason for the low TRANSACTION:PRICE
agent • person • natural_person • juristic_person.... • organization.... • role... • public_servant • juridical • tax_inspector • financial_crime_police_officer... • judicial • judge... • physical_object... • document • form • tax_form... • regulation • tax_regulation • physical_quantity • amount • money (M) • income (M)... • action..... • declaring_income_tax • procedure.... • appealing_legal
Legal Lego Using model based reasoning in the teaching of evidence
"Is there any point to which you would wish to draw my attention?" "To the curious incident of the dog in the night-time." "The dog did nothing in the night-time." "That was the curious incident," remarked Sherlock Holmes. Inspector Gregory and Holmes, in "Silver Blaze"
"You suspect some one?" "I suspect myself." "What!" "Of coming to conclusions too rapidly." Annie Harrison and Sherlock Holmes, in "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty“
"Circumstantial evidence is a very tricky thing," answered Holmes thoughtfully. "It may seem to point very straight to one thing, but if you shift your own point of view a little, you may find it pointing in an equally uncompromising manner to something entirely different.“
"What the deuce is it to me?" he interrupted impatiently; "you say that we go round the sun. If we went round the moon it would not make a pennyworth of difference to me or to my work." "In solving a problem of this sort, the grand thing is to be able to reason backwards. That is a very useful accomplishment, and a very easy one, but people do not practise it much. In the every-day affairs of life it is more useful to reason forwards, and so the other comes to be neglected. There are fifty who can reason synthetically for one who can reason analytically." Sherlock Holmes, in "A Study in Scarlet
"I have devised seven separate explanations, each of which would cover the facts as far as we know them. But which of these is correct can only be determined by the fresh information which we shall no doubt find waiting for us." Watson and Holmes, in "The Adventure of the Copper Beeches"
"How often have I said to you that when you have eliminated the impossible whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth?" Sherlock Holmes, in "The Sign of the Four"
