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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. Organic chemistry is the study of ................containing compounds derived from living organisms. Oil is formed over millions of years from the break down of dead ................and ..................... . 80+ million compounds- natural & synthetic.

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ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

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  1. ORGANIC CHEMISTRY • Organic chemistry is the study of ................containing compounds derived from living organisms. • Oil is formed over millions of years from the break down of dead ................and ...................... 80+ million compounds- natural & synthetic. • Crude Oil (petroleum)is a mixture of many thousands of these different compounds and is the main source of many of these chemicals. • They are called .................. because they predominantly contain the elements hydrogen and carbon.

  2. Distillation of Crude Oil ................... temp Lower boiling point substances ............... and move up. As the temp drops substances .............. and run off. ..................temp

  3. Homologous series This is a series of compounds which all contain the same ........................ group, and have similar chemical properties.  ALKANESALKENESALCOHOLS CH4 CH2 =CH2CH3OH CH3-CH3 CH2=CH –CH3CH3CH2OH Each has a ...........................formula: ......................: CnH2n+2 The members of the series differ by the number of ...... units. CH3-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH3, CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 Graduation in physical properties:eg: boiling points. CH4(......), C8H18(..........), C30H62(..............)

  4. ALKANES SATURATED HYDROCARBONS – contain maximum amount of ……………………………. - only ……………………….. bonds (no ……………………….. bonds) NAMING ALKANES

  5. Functional groups The functional groups are ………………. or ………………….. of atoms which determine the ……………………. of organic molecules. 

  6. STRUCTURES OF ALKANES METHANE ………. Bond Angle ……………. Shape ……………………… Can be illustrated as:

  7. ETHANE. Molecular formula …………... Structural formula:……………………….. OR ………………… …………….

  8. Structural formula: CH3 CH3 or H H H C C H H H ETHANE. Molecular formula C2H6 Atoms are able to spin around a single bond there is free rotation.

  9. .....................formula: CH3 CH2 CH3 or H H H H C C C H H H H PROPANE. ....................formula: C3H8 Both ethane and propane are “……………………” chain molecules BUT!! Bonds are ……… 90o molecules are NOT…………….!!! Schematic formula

  10. Structural formula: CH3 CH2 CH3 or H H H H C C C H H H H PROPANE. Molecular formula: C3H8 Both ethane and propane are “straight” chain molecules BUT!! Bonds are NOT 90o molecules are NOT STRAIGHT!!! Straight = no branches! Schematic formula Ethane and propane are also colourless and odourless flammable gasses. They have slightly higher boiling points due to their greater molecular weights.

  11. Straight chain. CH3 CH2CH2 CH3 Branched chainCH3 CH CH3 CH3 ISOMERS C4H10 - can have two different structures BUTANE METHYL PROPANE branch • Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structural formula are said to be ISOMERS of each other. TASK: illustrate the structures of the three different isomers of C5H12. Use models OR CHEMSKETCH to help you.

  12. TASK: illustrate the structures of: 2-methylpentane. 2,3 – dimethylbutane. 2,2,3 -trimethylpentane Names & Structures Examples 2- methylbutane The 2 can be left off as there are ……………………………………………… 2 and 3-methylbutane are the same molecule! 2,2 – dimethyl propane

  13. THE RULES FOR NAMING ORGANIC COMPOUNDS • Choose the longest unbroken chain of Carbon atomsand assign a name for the carbon chain using the prefixes; meth-1, eth-2 etc. • Identify any carbon chain branches (alkyl groups). These are assigned names using the same prefixes as above along with the suffix “-yl” – methyl, ethyl etc. • Identify the functional groups present in the molecule. Assign a prefix or suffix according to their homologous series. These will be written in front of the name of the carbon chain. • Number the Carbon atoms in the longest chain so that the branches/functional groups have the lowest number possible.Allocate a number for every group/branch no matter how many times it occurs. Where groups are on the same carbonwrite their names inalphabetical order. • Prefixesare used for groups that occur more than once. • Di – 2 Tri – 3 Tetra – 4 Penta – 5 etc. • Groups are written in alphabetical order. • The final name is written as one word with commas between numbers, hyphens separating numbers from words.

  14. CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 • CH3 (b) CH3 CH CH2 CH CH3 CH3 CH3 (c) CH3 C(CH3)2 CH2 CH(CH3) CH2 CH3 (d) CH3CH2CH(CH3)C(CH3)3 Give the names of the following alkanes

  15.  bond C C ……….. ………………..  Structure of Alkenes • The shapearound the double bond is …................... • The bond angle around the double bond is ................. Represented as C C

  16. H H C C H H PROPENE CH2 CH CH3 Examples of Alkenes ………………, C2H4 OR ……………………. TASK: Use ball & stick models or sketches to construct and name 3 different structures for C4H8 each one with one double bond.

  17. Alkynes Very reactive Triple bond unstable! Attracts electrophiles. H-C≡C-H …….yne H-C≡C-CH3 ……..yne x  C C x x   x  H-C≡C-CH2-CH3 …………-1-yne Alkynes are very unstable and reactive. Acetylene burns with very high temp? CH3-C≡C-CH3 ………….yne

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