Gerardo E. van Halsema Centre for Water and Climate Wageningen University

1. MUFS at agro-ecological landscape levelSetting strategic functional priorities and fostering multiple uses Gerardo E. van Halsema Centre for Water and Climate Wageningen University based on GAWI & Netherlands-Vietnam WFE Partnership

2. Multiple ecosystem services • MUFS are defined in terms of ecosystem services (MA): • provisioning services (agriculture / food provision) • regulating services (flood protection, water retention, water purification, carbon sequestration etc) • cultural services (tourism, recreational, spiritual) • supporting services (nutrient cycles, pest control) • biodiversity

3. IWRM & MUFS • Supply management focus of IWRM distracts from MUSF: • focus on meeting multiple demands from multiple sectors, uses & functions polemicizes distribution among single uses • Multiple uses of water are fact of life when considering the resources base: • water is shared and passed on along the ‘water chain’ and depleted, polluted, retained or diverted by various uses • eg forest & wetland ecosystems, hydropower & industry, inland & coastal fisheries, rangeland, floodplains, (irrigated) agriculture, urban waste water etc. • one use affects & interacts with the other use – negatively or positively • focus on water use, and specifically on interactions of water use with other uses

4. Enhancing multiple ecosystem services • Sustainable water use = assuring a balance in ecosystem services • diminishing/mitigating negative water interactions of agriculture • fostering non—provisioning services and focus on positive water interactions for agricultural uses • Functional & strategic approach to ecosystem services at the landscape level • assign primary functions to ecosystem services (agriculture, flood control, biodiversity) • devise criteria for multiple use of “secondary” ecosystem services (within ecological boundary of primary function)

5. Agro-ecosystems in Coastal Vietnam Setting the scene: Sectoral (mono) water uses have been intensified: • irrigated rice • boom in shrimp cultivation in brackish water zone • severe pollution • degradation of aquatic ecosystem • production declines in mono shrimp culture • degradation of coastal (mangrove) forest • loss of biodiversity

6. Agro-ecosystems in Coastal Vietnam Future challenges of Climate Change (Vietnam in top 5): • rising see levels • typhoon storm surges • higher intensity rainfall • higher peak river flows • => Increasing demands for regulating services/functions: • coastal defense • water retention & flood protection (brackish & fresh)

7. Agro-ecosystems in Coastal Vietnam II Fresh Flood Rice/Aquaculture I Fresh Rice/Aquaculture III Brackish Aquaculture/fisheries IV Saline/Brackish Forest/Aquaculture/fisheries

8. MUFS in Coastal Vietnam Four strategic functional sub-systems with multiple use: • Irrigated rice: • 1st: food (rice & fresh fish culture) • 2nd: fresh water supply brackish zone (salt & circulation) • 3rd: rainwater retention • Fresh floodplains: • 1st: flood protection • 2nd: food (rice & fresh fish culture) • Brackish zone: • 1st : food (aquaculture through poly-culture and mangrove filters) • 2nd : salt water retention • 3rd : biodiversity • Coastal forest: • 1st : coastal protection • 2nd : biodiversity • 3rd : food (fishery and polyculture)

9. MUFS in Coastal Vietnam • Focus on the water interactions between the uses/functions • manage as a whole; • BUT: innovate multiple water use techniques & practices that support the water interactions

10. MUFS in Malawi wetlands R.J. Bakema, G.W. Howard and A. P. Wood