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Lecture 26

Lecture 26. October 25, 2013. Monthly Variations for Energy Production in Boulder with Angle . Normalized Energy Production in US Single Axis Tracker and Fixed Plate . Design Considerations. 1. How much power per year do you need? 2. How much area is available to work with?

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Lecture 26

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  1. Lecture 26 October 25, 2013

  2. Monthly Variations for Energy Production in Boulder with Angle

  3. Normalized Energy Production in USSingle Axis Tracker and Fixed Plate

  4. Design Considerations • 1. How much power per year do you need? • 2. How much area is available to work with? • 3.What type of solar cells ,inverters and how many modules do you want to use ? 4. How much budget is available? • 5. What are your current costs for electricity and what fraction can you get from a solar energy system? • 5. Can you use the grid for backup or do you need storage? • 6. Will the utility pay for excess power?

  5. Costs $/watt

  6. Sensitivity to Module Price and Efficiency

  7. Theoretical Maximum Efficiency

  8. Lecture 27

  9. Capital Recovery Factor • 1 2. Example Cost $4942 kWh/yr with i= 4.5% on 30 year loan With costs $0.057/WDC then CRF=.06139 Annual payment $1177.8/yr Cost = $0.238/kWh . This is high compared to utility rates most places.

  10. Capital Recovery Factor

  11. Taxes Reductions Can Help

  12. Tax Reduction Example • Cost $19,186 for 4942 kWh/yr • 30% tax credit Price goes to $13,430 • Annual Payment A=$824/yr, Interest $604 first year. Tax saving 25% = $151.09 • Cost $673.40 • Cost $0.136 /kwh

  13. First Year Net System Costs After Rebates

  14. Cash Flow Analysis • Build Spread Sheet with initial cost, loan amount, interest, taxes, derating, rebates, CRF, discount rate, utility rate. See page 345 • Note present worth or present value calculations. P =dollars today is worth more than the same value in the future by what you can get by investing it. F = (1+d)n or P= • d is the discount rate or interest rate.

  15. Residential Rate Structures • 1. Flat rate • 2. Decreasing with use. • 3. Increasing with use. • 4. Time of Use ,TOU , use for shifting load. • 5. Real time pricing, RTP. Bid into market. • 6. Critical Peak Pricing CPP, Get low rates for letting one be cut of a limited number of unscheduled times.

  16. California Residential Rate StructureSummer

  17. Time of Use Example

  18. Critical Peak Pricing Rates

  19. Commercial Pricing • 1. Basic rates plus demand charges. • 2. The basic rate may be time of use based. • 3. Demand charges are high and based on peak 15 minute period in a given month. • Example base at peak $0.13/kWh • Demand Charge to $14.59/kWh and is charged on top of the regular rate.

  20. Commercial Rates Charges

  21. Demand Charges • Demand charges can add 50% or more to the total bill. • This give an incentive to use PV if it can reduce the peak load particularly if it is near peak load on the system.

  22. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System ( MACRS) • 1. Businesses allowed to Depreciate Capital costs before taxes. • 2. Can also get a tax credit • 3. Example 30% tax credit and the amount that can be depreciated can be reduced by half of the 30% • Net cost can be less than half the name plate cost.

  23. MACRS Example

  24. Power Purchase Agreements • 1. Used when can not get tax advantage • 2. Third party buys and installs and operates the PV system. • 3. Can start a little higher or lower than the utility rate but is fixed so as to save money over time. The third party may make its money on taxes or selling power to the utility.

  25. Power Purchase Agreement

  26. Utility Scale PV • 1. Must compete at whole sale rates. Time of Delivery rates (TOD)

  27. Power Purchase • Need to have a good estimate of how much power you are going to generate to be able to set the price. • RPSs may drive the need by the utility to buy the power.

  28. Stand Alone PV

  29. Battery

  30. Battery Equivalent Circuits

  31. Battery Charge Discharge

  32. Household Loads

  33. Household Loads.

  34. Electronic Loads

  35. Battery Types Energy Density.

  36. Temperature Dependence of Lead Acid Battery

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