1 / 22

Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context

Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context. Myths and Misconceptions About Abnormal Behavior. No Single Definition of Psychological Abnormality No Single Definition of Psychological Normality. What is a Psychological Disorder?. Psychological Dysfunction

hailey
Download Presentation

Chapter 1 Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 1Abnormal Behavior in Historical Context

  2. Myths and Misconceptions About Abnormal Behavior • No Single Definition of Psychological Abnormality • No Single Definition of Psychological Normality

  3. What is a Psychological Disorder? • Psychological Dysfunction • Breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning • Personal Distress • Difficulty performing appropriate and expected roles • Impairment is set in the context of a person’s background • Atypical or Not Culturally Expected Response • Reaction is outside cultural norms

  4. Definition of Abnormal Behavior (cont.) Figure 1.1 The criteria defining a psychological disorder

  5. Abnormal Behavior Defined • A Psychological Dysfunction Associated With Distress or Impairment in Functioning That is not a Typical or Culturally Expected Response • The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) • DSM Contains Diagnostic Criteria • Psychopathology is the Scientific Study of Psychological Disorders

  6. The Science of Psychopathology • Mental Health Professionals • Ph.D. : Clinical and counseling psychologists • Psy.D: Clinical and counseling “Doctors of Psychology” • M.D. : Psychiatrists • M.S.W. : Psychiatric and non-psychiatric social workers • MN/MSN: Psychiatric nurses • United by the Scientist-Practitioner Framework

  7. Dimensions of the Scientist-Practitioner Model Figure 1.2 Functioning as a scientist-practitioner

  8. Dimensions of the Scientist-Practitioner Model (cont.) Figure 1.3 Three major categories make up the study and discussion of psychological disorders.

  9. Clinical Description • Begins with the Presenting Problem • Description Aims to • Distinguish clinically significant dysfunction from common human experience • Describe Prevalence and Incidence of Disorders • Describe Onset of Disorders • Acute vs. insidious onset • Describe Course of Disorders • Episodic, time-limited, or chronic course

  10. Causation, Treatment, and Outcome • What Factors Contribute to the Development of Psychopathology? • Study of etiology: biopsychosocial model • How Can We Best Improve the Lives of People Suffering From Psychopathology? • Study of treatment development • Includes pharmacologic, psychosocial, and/or combined treatments • How Do We Know That We Have Alleviated Psychological Suffering? • Study of treatment outcome • Limited in specifying actual causes of disorders

  11. Historical Conceptions of Abnormal Behavior • Major Psychological Disorders Have Existed • In all cultures • Across all time periods • The Causes and Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Varied Widely • Across cultures • Across time periods • As particularly as a function of prevailing paradigms or world views • Three Dominant Traditions Include: Supernatural, Biological, and Psychological

  12. The Supernatural Tradition • Deviant Behavior as a Battle of “Good” vs. Evil • Deviant behavior was believed to be caused by demonic possession, witchcraft, sorcery • Treatments included exorcism, torture, beatings, and crude surgeries • The Moon and the Stars • Paracelsus and lunacy

  13. The Biological Tradition • Hippocrates: Abnormal Behavior as a Physical Disease • Hysteria “The Wander Uterus” • Galen Extends Hippocrates Work • Treatments remained crude • Galenic-Hippocratic Tradition • Foreshadowed modern views linking abnormality with brain chemical imbalances

  14. The 19th Century • General Paresis (Syphilis) and the Biological Link With Madness • Associated with several unusual psychological and behavioral symptoms • Pasteur discovered the cause – A bacterial microorganism • Led to penicillin as a successful treatment • Bolstered the view that mental illness = physical illness and should be treated as such • John Grey and the Reformers • Consequences of the biological movement: • Mental Illness = Physical Illness

  15. The Psychological Tradition • The Rise of Moral Therapy • Involved more humane treatment of institutionalized patients • Encouraged and reinforced social interaction • Reasons for the Falling Out of Moral Therapy • Population of mentally ill increased rapidly with immigration • Labor/resource intensive • Emergence of Competing Alternative Psychological Models

  16. Psychoanalytic Theory • Freudian Theory • The Structure of the Mind • Id (pleasure principle; illogical, emotional, irrational) • Ego (reality principle; logical and rational) • Superego (moral principles; keeps Id and Ego in balance) • Defense Mechanisms: When the Ego Loses the Battle with the Id and Superego • Displacement & denial • Rationalization & reaction formation • Projection, repression, and sublimation • Psychosexual Stages of Development • Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages

  17. The Past: Abnormal Behavior andthe Psychoanalytic Tradition (cont.) Figure 1.4 Freud’s structure of the mind

  18. Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy: The “Talking” Cure • Unearth the hidden intrapsychic conflicts (“The Real Problems”) • Therapy is often long-term • Techniques include free association and dream analysis • Examine transference and counter-transference issues • Little evidence for efficacy

  19. Humanistic Theory • Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers • Major Themes • That people are basically good • Humans strive toward self-actualization • Humanistic Therapy • Therapist conveys empathy and unconditional positive regard • Minimal therapist interpretation

  20. The Behavioral Model • Derived from a scientific approach to the study of psychopathology • Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and Classical Conditioning • Classical conditioning is a ubiquitous form of learning • Conditioning involves a contingency between neutral and unconditioned stimuli • Conditioning was extended to the acquisition of fear and other emotional responses

  21. The Beginnings of Behavior Therapy • Reactionary movement against psychoanalysis and non-scientific Approaches • Early Pioneers • Joseph Wolpe – Systematic desensitization • Edward Thorndike, B. F. Skinner, and Operant Conditioning • Another ubiquitous form of learning • Most voluntary behavior is controlled by the consequences that follow behavior • Learning traditions greatly influenced the development of behavior therapy • Behavior therapy tends to be time-limited and direct • Strong evidence supporting the efficacy of behavior therapies

  22. The Present: An Integrative Approach • Psychopathology Is multiply determined • Unidimensional accounts of psychopathology are incomplete • Must consider reciprocal relations between • Biological, psychological, social, and experiential factors • Defining abnormal behavior is also complex, multifaceted, and has evolved • The supernatural tradition has no place in a science of abnormal behavior

More Related