SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

1. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING MDS 2203 Dr. Norazli Othman/Dr. Samira Kamaruddin/PM Dr. Shreeshivadasan

2. GLOBA ENVIRONMENT AND RESOURCE ISSUE

3. INTRODUCTION TO ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES Part 1 : Global Environment issues Part 2 : Environment issues in our life Part 3 : Environment issues in industries Part 4 : Pursuit to sustainable development

4. PART 1GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTISSUES

5. Major issues in the field of Global environment • 1) Global warming • 2) Depletion of Ozone Layer • 3) Acid Rain • 4) Desertification • 5) Destruction of Tropical Forest • 6) Destruction of Ecology • 7) Population increase • 8) Food Issues • 9) Energy exhaustion • 10) Waste exportation

6. Global warming Causes • Effect by green house gases I.e CO2, CH4,Nox, Flon and its substances Effect • Temperature rise Disappearance of Ice As the result I) Ocean surface rise II) Abnormal weather : Floods, droughts etc.

7. Global warming How do we overcome that • Control of CO2 emission • International discussions to control CO2(erg Kyoto protocol) • Reduce greenhouse gas emission by I) Burn fossil fuels more effectively II) Convert to clean energy sources III) Keep and grow forest to absorb CO2 IV) Improve botanical breeds for better CO2 absorption.

8. Depletion of Ozone layer Definition • O3 layer : Effective barriers against UV in the atmosphere of altitude 10-50km How Ozone layer depleted • Flon resolved by UV to produce radical CI. • The radical CI resolves O3 to make ‘Ozone hole’ Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

9. Depletion of Ozone layer Source of Flon • Coolant or insulator • Old Fridge, Old Car, Old Air conditioner Ozone hole and its harmful • Skin Cancer

10. Depletion of Ozone layer How to avoid the depletion • Do not emit flon. Once emitted, never be resolved for more than 100 years. • Get flon back and reuse it, or dispose it safely • Design new product (Without using flon) • International discussions

11. Acid Rain Definition • Acidity in rain is evaluated by its pH and electric conductivity. The rain less than pH 5.6 is called ‘acid rain’ Causes • SOx or NOx in combustion gas of fossil fuels dissolve into rain to produce strong acid like Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) or Nitric acid (HNO3).

12. Acid Rain Source • Plants for thermal power generation, chemistry, pulp, steel making • Internal combustion engines of vehicles Effect • Acid rain destroy soils : Death of soil bacteria, Nutrition out. • Acid rain destroy forest.

13. Acid Rain How to reduce or stop the acid rain • International activity and campaigns • Absorption of SOx and NOx by plants (e.g. sunflower) • Elimination of SOx and NOx e.g.. I) Desulfurization of waste gas (SOx) II) Desulfurization of crude oil (SOx) III) Denitrification of car exhaust gas (NOx) Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

14. Desertification (climate change) What is happening? • Water shortage because of climate change • Agricultural land rapidly lost due to deterioration and infertility of soil How do we overcome that? • No effective measure against desertification

15. Destruction of Tropical forest What is happening? • Destruction of Tropical forest Causes : I) Primitive Cultivation : Slash and burn agriculture with no fertilizer mostly to plant drags II) Overgrazing : No shade results in soil dried, Nutriment resolved or lost by surface water run III) Excessive wood cutting as fuel IV) Much wood export Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

16. Destruction of Tropical forest • Disappearance of the tropical forest Causes : I) Unplanned cut down as the fuel sold to urban areas II) Cut down to make culturing ponds for prawns

17. Destruction of Tropical Forest Effect of Tropical forest destruction • Food shortage • Fuel shortage • CO2 absorption decrease • Floods • Ecology degradation Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

18. Destruction of Tropical forest How to protect Tropical forest • Forest protection policy requested • Wood resource saving • Reforestation • Intergovernmental discussion and cooperation

19. Degradation of Ecology Ecology of life is often degraded by • Men’s catching and using them (Ecology degradation type A) E.g.. I) For foods like buffalo II) For pets like Tropical fish III) For fur or skin like crocodile IV) for ornament like tortoise shell V) for collection hobby like bird 6

20. Degradation of Ecology • Men’s disturbing their balance or their habitats (Ecology degradation type B). E.g. I) Cutting forests down II) Polluting III) Drainage IV) Global warming V) Introducing foreign species • Climate change like global warming

21. Degradation of Ecology How to avoid ecology degradation • International cooperation for protection • The world conservation Union 06

22. Population increase • World population steeply increased in developing countries since 1990 How to avoid population increase • Effective birth control in developing countries

23. Food issues Quantity issues • Caused by Population Land Water Water shortage = Food shortage Quality issues • Polluted by I) Soil pollution II) Water pollution III) Agricultural chemicals IV) Gene recombination

24. Food issues How do we overcome that? • Dripping irrigation • Effective feed of water, fertilizers etc • Cultivation of fishery with deep sea water under development

25. Energy Exhaustion What is happening? • Energy source is diverse for each country • Fossil fuels still buried underground How do we overcome that? • Energy Saving • Increase efficiency • Conversion to clean energy

26. Waste exportation What is happening? • In 1970s, companies in advanced countries constructed their manufacturing facilities in developing countries, where environmental regulations generally not much strict. • Illegal export of Industrial waste How do we overcome that? • International discussions Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

27. PART 2 : ENVIRONMENT ISSUES IN OUR LIFE Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

28. Environment issues around us • Atmosphere • Foods • Drinking water • Waste water • Solid waste • Energy

29. Atmosphere • Man’s breathing • Hazardous substances in the air (causing cancer or allergy) • E.g.. of hazardous substances a. Benzo-a-pyrene, Benzene (From car exhaust gas) b. Dioxin (from incinerator exhaust gas) c. Trichloroethylene (from solvents)

30. Foods • Food pollution by excessive agricultural agents • Countermeasures : Organic agriculture should be developed immediately

31. Drinking water Water requirement • World water consumption has risen 7 times during 20th century Water quality issues • Pb ions causes brain disability produced by old pipe system • Trihalomethane causes cancer produced by chlorine in water processing Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

32. Waste water • Parameter of pollution : BOD, COD, SS • Pollution from detergents : washing cloth, plates etc. Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

33. Solid waste Why solid waste increases? • Increase of throwaway items and packaging • Increase of item which are still usable but already outdated like TVs, Computers etc How solid waste disposed? • Recycling, 11% -still too low • Incineration • Landfill

34. Solid waste Negative impact of solid waste disposal to environment • Emission of CO2 and dioxin produced by incinerator • Pollution of groundwater and soil by leachate from landfills • Prevail of harmful insects and bacteria • Endless land requirement for landfill site

35. Solid waste Countermeasures Fight against solid waste : • Reduce waste amount from homes • Reuse after cleaning • Recycle effectively by sorting • Cooperation between supplier and consumers

36. Energy Countermeasure against energy shortage • Energy saving in home still not sufficient Countermeasure : Energy saving in home • Solar heater panel on roof for heating • Solar battery panel on roof for power • Rainwater for cooling • Thicker thermal insulation wall Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

37. PART 3 : ENVIRONMENT ISSUES IN INDUSTRIES Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

38. Industries and Environmental pollution • Water pollution • Air pollution • Industrial waste • Noise and vibration • Bad smell

39. Water pollution Pollution mechanism • Chemicals from industrial plants, Fertilizers and agricultural agents • Too much nutrients or poisonous : Groundwater, streams, rivers, ponds lakes etc • Increase of algae and plankton • Death, deformation, abnormal production of fish, birds, seals, dolphins etc.

40. Water pollution Typical source of pollution • Waste landfill & Incinerator – Cd, PCB, Dioxin • Plant effluent – Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Cu, As, etc • Fields & Golf courses – Weed killers, Disinfectants, insecticides • Natural land pollution by Arsenic

41. Air pollution Typical air pollutants • Waste gas from plants (SOx., NOx etc) • Solid dust (PM10, Cd etc) • Car exhaust Gas (NOx, PM10 etc)

42. Industrial waste Typical hazardous substances from the waste • Agricultural agents (Organic phosphates, PCB) • Organic solvents(Benzene, Trichloroethylene, Tetrachloroethylene) • Heavy metals (Hg, Cd,Pb, Cu, Zn, Be, Cr, Ni, V) • Other chemicals(CN, As, Se, Fluoride) • Medical waste (Bacteria, virus)

43. Noise and vibration Noise sources • Cars • Railways • Aircrafts • Factories • Construction sites • Neighborhood

44. Noise and vibration Countermeasure For noise source • Make it noiseless (by process change) • Reduce it (by a silencer) • Cover it (With a hood) • Insulate its vibration (With rubber pad) To reduce propagation • Be distant (To diffuse sonic energy) • Change source direction • Install partition • Insulate with bush or trees Norazli Othman/UNITEN/2006

45. Bad smell Countermeasure Several typical methods for deodorization • Wash : Effective against NH3, H2S • O3 spray : Generally effective, small • Absorption : By Granular activated carbon • Burning • Biological

46. PART 4 : PURSUIT TO SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

47. Sustainable development • Regulation for sustainable development • Policy change • Development of Clean energy a) Wind energy b) Solar energy c) Fuel cells etc

48. Evolution in our daily lifestyle • Collecting and recycling of waste • Reduce private cars

49. Evolution in industrial world • Consideration for easier recycling • Investment tendency for new projects and official support for recycling • Sustainable agriculture • ISO 4000s :International standards of environmental management • Corporate monitor in environmental morale • Life cycle assessment

50. Thank you