Unit 16 - Plant Systems

1. On the following slides, the green sections are the most important– hyperlinks are shownin purple. Underlined words = vocabulary! Background Image http://www.respect-texas.org/bluebonnets.jpg Unit 16 - Plant Systems

2. Image Introduction The Texas Bluebonnet (Lupinustexensis) is our state flower and a plant native to Texas. Remember that plants are NOT dead, but very much alive and composed of eukaryotic cells! In this unit we will discuss the systems in plants, specifically transport, reproduction, and response.

4. http://www.terrebonneonline.com/plantcell1.jpg Review of Plant CellsTextbook Reference pg. 559,605 • Plants are multicellular eukaryotes w/ cell walls made of cellulose. • Plants are autotrophs that carryout photosynthesisto obtain energy. • To carry out cellular functions, plants need: • Sunlight • Water • CO2 • Minerals

5. Review of PhotosynthesisTextbook Reference pg. 559 6CO2 + 6H20 + LIGHT C6H1206 + 602 (Carbon dioxide) (water) (glucose) (oxygen) • Photosynthesis– the process by which autotrophs convert light energy and carbon dioxide into glucose as a food source for the plant. http://s2.hubimg.com/u/701793_f520.jpg

6. http://lifescitpjhs.wikispaces.com/file/view/DifferentiationPlant.png/301427382/DifferentiationPlant.pnghttp://lifescitpjhs.wikispaces.com/file/view/DifferentiationPlant.png/301427382/DifferentiationPlant.png Cell Differentiation Plants have cell differentiation (different cell types perform specific functions). EX Rootcells, stem cells, andflower petal cells all have specific functions (jobs) that they carry out for the plant. AKA Cell Specialization

7. Absorption via Roots Textbook Reference pg. 612-613 • Roots are specialized underground organs thatabsorb water and minerals necessary for the plant and anchor [hold] the plant in the soil andhelp to prevent soil erosion. • tap root– (ex: carrot) single large central root • fibrous root– (ex: grasses) clump of short threadlike divisions http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c5/c5-1root.gif

8. http://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu/grow/images/plant_organs.jpghttp://www.arboretum.fullerton.edu/grow/images/plant_organs.jpg Transport via StemsTextbook Reference pg. 615-617 Stems are specialized tissues that support leaves to hold them up to sun, and transport water, sugars, and nutrients through the plant. Some stems are also modified for glucose[sugar] storageareas.

9. Transport Cont.Textbook Reference pg. 562, 608, 610 http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_b8o0_bDa4QI/RsKvBY5ZufI/AAAAAAAAAF0/BmCafNOYe6A/s400/xylem1%5B1%5D.gif • Just like in animals, vascular tissues transport materials for plants. • Xylem – transports water (L for liquid) via capillary action in stacked cells to form straw-like drinkingtubes; movement is up from roots to leaves • Phloem – transports glucose; movement can be up and down

10. Photosynthesis via LeavesTextbook Reference pg. 617-619 http://www.ecomagic.org/fruition/leaves-1.jpg • Leavesare the tissues where most photosynthesis, and transpiration [evaporation from plants] occurs. • Veins run throughthe leaves, transportwater, glucose, minerals, etc. to the plant cells

11. Photosynthesis Cont. Textbook Reference pg. 697, 619 [Fig 23.19] http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/images/interviews/stoma_diagram.gif • Stomata are openings in leaf tissue, much like the pores in our skin, used for gas exchange. • Guard cells control the opening and closing of stoma; the cells surround the opening contain numerous mitochondria for energy conversion

12. Stomates forming cells in Arabidopsis thaliana. Image http://mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/plant/static/images/blumeninschwabenArabidopsisThaliana.jpg

13. Reproduction via Flowers Textbook Reference pg. 642 [Fig 24.9] http://www.prairiefrontier.com/pages/families/flwrparts.jpg • Flowers are a reproductive organ (not all plants have flowers) with male and female parts. • pollination – transporting pollen (male sperm) to female part (ovule) • fertilization – union of sperm with egg (creates a development ofa plant embryo [seed] which grows into a mature plant).

14. Flowers Cont. • Male • Stamen– consist of the anther (produces pollen) and filament (supports anther) • Pollen – contains sperm • Female • Pistil – consists of the stigma,(where pollen lands),style, (connects stigma to ovary), and the ovule (develops into the fruit) • Ovule – develops into an egg, eventually becomes the seed when fertilized • Non-sexual • Petals – colored parts, attract pollinators (EX bees) • Sepals – green parts, protect flower parts

15. Flower Cont. http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct08/bj-peru.html

16. http://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/food-kitchen/food/fruits/tropical-fruits_4.jpghttp://visual.merriam-webster.com/images/food-kitchen/food/fruits/tropical-fruits_4.jpg Reproductive Tissues - Fruit Textbook Reference pg. 594 • Fruits develop from a flower’s female reproductive structure(s), and sometimes other parts too. • The fruits contain the seed(s) • provide a means to spread and disperse the seed(s) and/or as a food source [rich in nutrients] for the germinating seed. • EX fleshy fruit like strawberries, apples, tomato, • EX dry fruit like walnuts and acorns

17. http://asm.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Plants/seeds/seed.gifhttp://asm.wku.edu/courses/Biol115/Wyatt/Plants/seeds/seed.gif Reproductive Tissues – Seeds Textbook Reference pg. 594 • Seed Plants form seeds (a plant embryo surrounded by a food supply) in order to reproduce. • Seeds are encased in a protective covering called a seed coat. • Video http://urbanext.illinois.edu/gpe/images_rev/seed-pics.jpg

18. Seedless ReproductionTextbook Reference pg. 562, 582 [Fig 22.6] http://www.kidsgardening.com/onlinecourse/Diagrams/c10/c10-4fern.gif Seedless plants do not form hard seeds (EX mosses and ferns) and therefore these plants MUST have water in order for the sperm to swim to the egg.. Photo and caption by Bente Haarstad

19. Response Textbook Reference pg. 624-625 • Just like animals, plants respond to changes in their environments(called tropism) – Tropism Animation • There are four main types of tropisms: • Gravitropism/Geotropism = response in plants thatmake it grow eitherwith the pull of gravity or against it • Hydrotropism = response that bends it towards water • Phototropism = response that bends it towards light • Thigmotropism = response that bends it around an object (EX a vine wrapping around an arbor)

20. Response Cont. http://withfriendship.com/images/h/38808/Tropism-picture.gif

21. http://www.justvenusflytraps.com/images/homepageimage.jpg Response Cont. Another type of response, specifically to changes in pressure, is called a nastic response. The most commonexampleis the infamous Venus flytrap which closes its leaf when the plant senses an insect to digest nutrients using enzymes. Nastic Slideshow

22. A hormoneis a chemical produced in one part of an organism that is transported to another part where it causes a physiological change - plant hormones regulate the growth and development in plants – • Some hormones include: • Auxins – promote cellelongationand growth • Gibberellins – promote cell elongation, bud development and seed germination • Cytokinins – stimulate mitosis and cell division Image Plant Hormones Textbook Reference pg. 622-623

23. Photograph by Luis del Río Conclusion Plants provide consumers with oxygen to breathe, food, shelter, as well as cleaning the air and water for the planet. Just like animals, plants are active responders within various environments to survive and thrive. Their use and importance is numerous; humans use plants with healing properties in medical treatments.