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第 16 章 免疫耐受 Immunological Tolerance

第 16 章 免疫耐受 Immunological Tolerance. Contents. 概述 自身耐受 诱导性耐受及其形成的条件 研究免疫耐受的意义及临床应用. 一、概述. 免疫耐受( immunological tolerance ) 指抗原诱导特异性淋巴细胞失活或死亡,导致机体不能对该抗原产生应答的现象. cattle of dizygotic twin. In 1945,Owen first observed immunologic tolerance to allogenic antigen in fetal period ( 胚胎期形成的免疫耐受 ).

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第 16 章 免疫耐受 Immunological Tolerance

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  1. 第16章 免疫耐受Immunological Tolerance Medical Immunology

  2. Contents • 概述 • 自身耐受 • 诱导性耐受及其形成的条件 • 研究免疫耐受的意义及临床应用 Medical Immunology

  3. 一、概述 • 免疫耐受(immunological tolerance) • 指抗原诱导特异性淋巴细胞失活或死亡,导致机体不能对该抗原产生应答的现象 Medical Immunology

  4. cattle of dizygotic twin • In 1945,Owen first observed immunologic tolerance to allogenic antigen in fetal period(胚胎期形成的免疫耐受) Medical Immunology

  5. In 1953,Peter Medwar and colleagues induced immunological tolerance to skin allografts in mice by neonatal injection of allogeneic cells (新生期诱导耐受) • In 1962,Dressar, Mitchison induced immunological tolerance in adult animals • (成年期诱导耐受) Medical Immunology

  6. Adult stain-B Adult stain-A Skin graft B 1-2 weeks Stain-A Graft rejected Medical Immunology

  7. stain-B stain-B Newborn stain-A Lymphocytes injection 6 weeks stain-A stain-C Skin graft B Skin graft C 1-2 weeks Stain-A Graft B accepted Graft C rejected Medical Immunology

  8. 特点 • 需抗原诱导 • 有一定的潜伏期 • 具有特异性和记忆性 • 耐受原(tolerogen) • 诱导免疫耐受的抗原 Medical Immunology

  9. 影响物质是免疫原或耐受原的因素 • 淋巴细胞接触该物质时所处的分化阶段 • 该物质接触淋巴细胞时所处的位置 • 加工递呈该物质的APC种类和成熟程度 • 对该物质产生应答的淋巴细胞数量 Medical Immunology

  10. 免疫耐受 • 免疫缺陷 • 由于先天或疾病等后天因素造成的机体免疫系统缺陷和功能障碍,导致机体对多种抗原物质不应答或应答低下。(非特异) • 免疫抑制 • 应用免疫抑制剂使免疫系统功能受抑制,导致机体对多种抗原物质不应答,停用抑制剂后免疫应答可恢复正常。(非特异) Medical Immunology

  11. 免疫耐受的分类 根据抗原的不同可分为: • 自身耐受(self tolerance) • 对自身成分耐受 • 诱导性耐受(induced tolerance) • 对非己异物耐受,需特定条件诱导 Medical Immunology

  12. 根据形成部位的不同可分为: • 中枢耐受(central tolerance) • 未成熟淋巴细胞在中枢淋巴器官遇到自身抗原形成的耐受 • 外周耐受(peripheral tolerance) • 成熟淋巴细胞在外周淋巴器官遇到自身抗原或非己抗原形成的耐受 Medical Immunology

  13. 第一节 自身耐受(免疫耐受形成的机制) 中枢耐受 外周耐受 Medical Immunology

  14. 一、中枢耐受(central tolerance) • 部位:发生于中枢免疫器官 • 包括:T细胞中枢耐受和B细胞中枢耐受 • 机制:胸腺和骨髓内的阴性选择 Medical Immunology

  15. 克隆排除学说(clonal deletion) • 胚胎期的免疫细胞存在着无数具有不同反应特异性的细胞克隆 • 某一克隆在胚胎期与相应抗原接触后,即被破坏清除或被抑制成为克隆禁忌 • 该个体出生后再接触同一抗原产生,即表现为对此抗原的无反应性 Medical Immunology

  16. 1、T细胞的中枢耐受 • 阴性选择 • 胸腺 • 凡能以高亲和力结合APC所携带自身抗原的自身反应性T淋巴细胞通过凋亡而被清除 • 获得对自身抗原的耐受 Medical Immunology

  17. Medical Immunology

  18. 2、B细胞的中枢耐受 • 克隆排除(Clonal deletion) • 克隆无能(Clonal anergy) Medical Immunology

  19. Clonal deletion • 骨髓 • 未成熟 B 细胞识别骨髓基质细胞上的多价自身抗原 Medical Immunology

  20. Clonal anergy • 骨髓 • 未成熟 B 细胞识别可溶性自身抗原 Medical Immunology

  21. 二、外周耐受(peripheral tolerance) • 部位:发生于外周免疫器官 • 自身抗原:组织特异性抗原 • 机制: • 克隆无能 • 免疫忽视 • 免疫豁免 • 调节性T细胞 • 活化诱导的细胞死亡 Medical Immunology

  22. Clonal anergy Medical Immunology

  23. 克隆无能(clonal anergy) • T细胞活化需双信号,仅有第一信号而缺乏第二信号,T细胞不能活化、增殖,处于一种无能状态,即克隆无能 Medical Immunology

  24. Medical Immunology

  25. Medical Immunology

  26. Immunological ignorance Self-reactive T cell clones No response No clonal deletion No clonal anergy Corresponding tissue specific Ags Too low Medical Immunology

  27. Self-reactive T cell clones T cell reponse Corresponding tissue specific Ags Enough Medical Immunology

  28. 免疫忽视(immunological ignorance) • 外周某些自身反应性淋巴细胞与相应组织特异性抗原并存,既不导致自身免疫应答,也不导致耐受的现象 Medical Immunology

  29. Immunological privilege • 免疫豁免部位 • 脑、眼的前房及胎盘等部位 • 高表达FasL • 产生抑制性细胞因子 Medical Immunology

  30. Regulatory T cells • 调节性T细胞 • CD4+CD25+T细胞 • 细胞-细胞直接接触 • 分泌IL-10、TGF-β • Ts细胞 • 分泌TGF-β Medical Immunology

  31. Treg cells inhibit the activation and functions of effector T cells Medical Immunology

  32. Immunosupressive cytokines such as TGF-β and IL-10 secretion • Contact between Treg cells and the responding T cells or APCs Medical Immunology

  33. Activation induced cell death (AICD) Medical Immunology

  34. 活化诱导的细胞死亡 • 已活化的T、B淋巴细胞受到大量抗原的持续刺激时,可被诱发细胞程序性死亡。主要由Fas和FasL介导 Medical Immunology

  35. Lack of helper T cells Medical Immunology

  36. 第二节 诱导性耐受及其形成条件 Medical Immunology

  37. 诱导性耐受 • 机体免疫系统在接触某种抗原后产生的特异性免疫无应答状态,表现为机体再次接触同一抗原时,不发生可察见的反应,但对其他抗原仍可产生正常的免疫应答 Medical Immunology

  38. 抗原因素 • 类型 • 剂量 • 表位特点 • 免疫途径 • 机体因素 • 种系 • 免疫系统状态 Medical Immunology

  39. 一、抗原方面的因素 • 类型 • 大分子、颗粒性、蛋白质聚合物多是免疫原; • 小分子、可溶性、单体分子常为耐受原 Medical Immunology

  40. 剂量 • TI-Ag需要高剂量才能诱导B细胞耐受 • TD-Ag低剂量和高剂量均可诱导耐受 Medical Immunology

  41. 低区带耐受(low zone tolerance) • 低剂量抗原诱导的耐受(T) • 抗原剂量低,APC无法形成足够的肽-MHC分子 • 高区带耐受(high zone tolerance) • 高剂量抗原诱导的耐受(T、B) • 诱导特异性Ts细胞活化,抑制免疫应答 Medical Immunology

  42. Medical Immunology

  43. T、B淋巴细胞形成耐受的比较 Medical Immunology

  44. 决定簇特点 • HEL的N末端氨基酸残基构成的表位可诱导Ts活化而致免疫耐受 Medical Immunology

  45. 免疫途径 • 口服及静脉注射最易诱导耐受; • 腹腔注射次之; • 皮下及肌肉注射最难 Medical Immunology

  46. Factors which affect response Favor immune response Favor tolerance Factors affecting tolerance:role of antigen Physical form of antigen Large, aggregated, complex molecules soluble, aggregate-free, simple small molecules Antigen processing properly processed improperly processed Subcutaneous or intra-muscular Oral or, sometimes, intravenous Route of injection Very large or very small dose Dose of antigen Optimal dose Medical Immunology

  47. 二、机体方面的因素 • 种系 • 灵长类、有蹄类动物只在胚胎期可诱导耐受 • 小鼠和大鼠在胚胎期和新生期都能诱导耐受 • 免疫系统状态 • 机体在胚胎期最易诱导耐受,新生期次之,成年期较难 • 免疫抑制状态易诱导耐受 Medical Immunology

  48. Host age and antigen dose affect tolerance newborn adult Medical Immunology

  49. Factors which affect response Favor immune response Favor tolerance Factors affecting tolerance:role of host Age of responding animal Adult, immunologically mature Newborn (mice) Immunologically immature Fully differentiated, Memory Differentiation state of cells Undifferentiated B cell with only IgM, T cells in the thymic cortex Medical Immunology

  50. 第三节 研究免疫耐受的意义及临床应用 Medical Immunology

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