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Criminal Persona Brainstorming. Dr. Kev Hilton. Introduction. Collaboration between disciplines encourages people to look beyond their own boundaries. Funding bodies criteria for project support often requires cross-disciplinary collaboration. Introduction.
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Criminal Persona Brainstorming Dr. Kev Hilton
Introduction • Collaboration between disciplines encourages people to look beyond their own boundaries. • Funding bodies criteria for project support often requires cross-disciplinary collaboration.
Introduction • Two crime related, funded initiatives: • The DTI’s Design Against Crime, which looks to critically review the approach of design to crime prevention, through UK case studies. • The EPSRC’s Think Crime, which looks to develop technologies for crime prevention and detection.
Introduction • The proposed programme of research from Northumbria is: • Countering Criminal Creativity • This has initially been a collaboration between Computer Forensics and Design • The intention has been to develop criminal profiles to apply as role-play Personae in the design process, where the term ‘design’ refers to the ‘organization of value’.
Criminal Personae • Criminal Behaviour literature was used initially to develop five basic criminal personae: • Excitement • Consequences • Compliance • Provocation • Financial • Adapted from Gudjonsson and Sigurdsson (2004)
Brainstorms • Brainstorms were run for Computer Forensics and Product Designers, to identify opportunities for crime. • Two conditions were used for the pilot test: • Traditional Brainstorming • Criminal Personae Brainstorming
Brainstorms • The themes chosen were led by the level of impact design is believed to have on types of crime to counter. • Theft • Vandalism
Computer Forensic Sessions Theft using: Vandalism Using: Spyware Malware Phishing Identity Piracy Denial of Service
Product Design Sessions Theft using: Vandalism Using: Web-Cam Isocyanate Glue Bum-Bag RC Toy Chewing-Gum Mobile Phone
Initial Findings • Due to the sample size the results should be viewed as Indicative not Conclusive • The Computer Forensics and the Product Designers both showed greater Creative Fluency and Responsiveness to the Theft opportunities than the Vandalism opportunities. • The Product Designers faired better with the Opportunities they were provided with.
Initial Findings • The Computer Forensics were more capable of suggesting solutions to Theft and Vandalism in Persona mode • The Product Designers were more capable of generating Ideas, and partially in suggesting solutions, in Persona mode • It is acknowledged that opportunity types, and profession, may have an influence upon effectiveness of the Personae approach.
Initial Findings • The conclusion is that it is worth while furthering this area of research to the next stage • The next stage was proposed to involve the further development of the process as the (Cyclic Countering of Competitive Creativity.) C4 critical design process. • This involved development of more in-depth personas for specific theft and vandalism contexts, and running a student design project.
Personas Since the project began it was further informed by Pruitt and Adlin’s 2006 text on persona development and application. Assumption Personas. • Preconceptions and Stereotyping. • Informed by Anecdote and Media. Developed Personas. • Secondary Research - Textbooks and reports. • Indirect Primary Research - Crime prevention agencies. • Direct Primary Research – Criminals.
Development This process involved an assistant developing the initial context with secondary research. This context helped in planning the indirect primary research method. Supported by Newcastle City Council’s ‘Community Safety Unit’, the personas were developed for 2 key themes: • Vandalism – Specifically graffiti. • Theft – Specifically from student accommodation.
Development The indirect primary research participants were contacted and consulted through the following groups: • Community Safety. • Crime Prevention. • Prolific Priority Offenders Team. • Probation. • Mental Health. • Education.
Development Following leads from the consultations, ethnographic investigation further supported persona development, through : • Potential crime sceneobservations and recordings. • Internet forums engagement. Persona details and imagery were drafted up and then peer reviewed with the participant groups, before producing persona cards, with 4 persona ‘types’ for each of the 2 themes.
Development Method Burglar Types: • Professional. • Calculating. • Prolific. • Opportunistic. Graffiti Types: • Fanatic. • Writer. • Vandal. • Prolific Tagger.
Cyclic Countering of Competitive Creativity (C4) The C4 design process uses Competitive Personas in design against threat, where the aim is to develop solutions which challenge and positively change the competition’s behaviour. The C4 process cycles the design process through : • Proposing. • Countering.
C4 Proposing A C4 brainstorm is facilitated where the 4-6 active participants each role-play their chosen/assigned persona. The aim of the brainstorm is to propose ways of gaining criminal opportunities from a situation of interest. This approach might be compared to an ‘abusive’ form of Failure Mode and Effect Analysis.
C4 Countering At the countering stage the ‘criminal personas’ are switched to the ‘designer perspectives’, to propose means of countering the identified criminal opportunities. The aim here is to develop and propose a number of potential resolutions to the suggested criminal opportunities, possibly even using the criminal intent against itself.
C4 Cycling By cycling the Proposing and Countering, a strong proposal should develop for the situation of interest, and a more systemic understanding of it. This process of critical review and learning from failure enables the development of a tighter design brief, with a view towards a product, service or environmental change.
C4 Outcomes Refuse Bin.
C4 Outcomes Desk Safe.
C4 Outcomes Security Blinds.
Concluding Comments Persona development actively informs the design process and aids designer engagement. Nevertheless, this approach requires a commitment of time, to both develop and apply the personas. Persona role-play can be used by a wider project-community to engage with the experience. However, persona role-play does not suit everyone, either because of confidence or control issues.
Concluding Comments The most inspiring element of the persona details were the ‘Creative Prompts’ in the section on ‘How they operate’. The role-play method made it easier for designers to engage in criticism of project work. The intended application of a persona will influence the approach to its development, and resultant depth of experience it provides its users.
Concluding Comments It must be appreciated that there are ethical challenges to consider, for not causing harm through criminal persona development and use. Ideally, we should use criminal intent and anti-social behaviour against itself, where possible, to devalue such actions, rather than escalate the problems. The next stage of development would involve a comparison of Primary, Secondary, and Assumption Personas, to determine the effective Investment/Benefit balance.
