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Cellular Reproduction

Cellular Reproduction. Mitosis & Meiosis. Functions of Cell Division. 1. Cell Replacement. Functions of Cell Division. 2. Growth. Functions of Cell Division. 3. Asexual Reproduction. Requirement for Cell Division.

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Cellular Reproduction

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  1. Cellular Reproduction Mitosis & Meiosis

  2. Functions of Cell Division • 1. Cell Replacement

  3. Functions of Cell Division • 2. Growth

  4. Functions of Cell Division • 3. Asexual Reproduction

  5. Requirement for Cell Division • Chromosomes must replicate so that each “daughter” cell gets an identical copy. • Process of “mitosis” • What is a chromosome? • Made up of “condensed” chromatin (DNA & protein) • Only visible when a cell is undergoing mitosis

  6. How DNA “Packs” Into a Cell

  7. How DNA “Packs” Into a Cell

  8. Fate of a Duplicated Chromosome

  9. Cell Cycle Cytokinesis G0 G0

  10. Interphase (prior to mitosis) • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  11. Stages of Mitosis • 1. Prophase (Early & Late) • 2. Metaphase • 3. Anaphase • 4. Telophase

  12. Early Prophase • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  13. Late Prophase • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  14. Metaphase • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  15. Anaphase • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  16. Telophase • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  17. Cytokinesis in Animal Cells • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  18. Cytokinesis in Plant Cells • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  19. “Quick” Summary of Mitosis • Early Prophase: Chromatin condenses • Late Prophase: Nuclear membrane breaks down • Metaphase: Chromosomes meet in the middle • Anaphase: Chromosomes move away • Telephase: Nuclear membrane reforms; chromatin reappears.

  20. “Quick” Summary of Mitosis • 1 DNA Replication; 1 Cell Division • Roles of Mitosis • Cell replacement • Growth of an organism • Asexual reproduction

  21. Onion Root Tip

  22. Somatic Cells (“Body” Cells) • 46 Chromosomes 11 22 33 X Y Maternal Paternal Homologous Chromosomes: Carry genes controlling the same inherited characteristics Autosomes Sex Chromosomes (also carry many traits not related to sex)

  23. Homologous Chromosomes

  24. Meiosis: The Basis for Sexual Reproduction

  25. Meiosis: The Basis for Sexual Reproduction

  26. Meiosis: The Basis for Sexual Reproduction

  27. Meiosis: The Basis for Sexual Reproduction

  28. Interphase (prior to meiosis) • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  29. Prophase I • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  30. Metaphase I • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  31. Anaphase I • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  32. Telophase I • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  33. Interphase • Very short! • Important: There is NO duplication of chromosomes!

  34. Prophase II • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  35. Metaphase II • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  36. Anaphase II • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  37. Telophase II • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________ • _______________ _______________ _______________

  38. Why Sexual Reproduction Leads to Genetic Variation • 1. Independent Assortment of Chromosomes at Metaphase I

  39. Why Sexual Reproduction Leads to Genetic Variation • 1. Independent Assortment of Chromosomes at Metaphase I

  40. Why Sexual Reproduction Leads to Genetic Variation • 1. Independent Assortment of Chromosomes at Metaphase I

  41. Why Sexual Reproduction Leads to Genetic Variation • 2. Random Fertilization

  42. Why Sexual Reproduction Leads to Genetic Variation • 3. Crossing Over to Yield Recombinant Chromosomes

  43. Why Sexual Reproduction Leads to Genetic Variation • 3. Crossing Over to Yield Recombinant Chromosomes

  44. Nondisjunction: An Error in Meiosis

  45. Amniocentesis

  46. Karyotype Preparation

  47. Nondisjunction: An Error in Meiosis

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