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Literature Review & Subjectivity

Literature Review & Subjectivity. By Shae McFarlin. Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault.

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Literature Review & Subjectivity

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  1. Literature Review & Subjectivity By Shae McFarlin

  2. Drug Facilitated Sexual Assault • Rape is the sexual penetration of a person against his or her will by the use of force, threat of force, by verbal coercion, or by the inability to consent due to mental impairment or by under the influence of a mind altering substance. • Alcohol is one of the factors commonly reported as being associated with sexual assault. • Studies indicate that 20-25% of college women & 3% of college men have experienced a sexual assault in their college careers. • Sexual assault prevention programs need to be a priority on college campuses.

  3. Perceived Concerns • The relationship between alcohol and sexual assault is especially troubling in light of the prevalence of alcohol use in the college population (Benson, 2007, pg. 341). • Recent college student surveys showed that 43% indicate moderate alcohol use-at least 1x per week-, 24% report frequent alcohol use-3x per week to daily use-, 18% report infrequent use-1-6x per year-, & 16% report no alcohol use (Benson, 2007, pg. 341). • 4 out of 10 college students indicate that they engage in binge drinking-5 or more drinks in one setting-at least 1x biweekly (Benson, 2007, pg. 341).

  4. Alcohol Consumption is a Serious Factor • College students who drink alcohol or engage in binge drinking are at an increased risk of sexual assault when compared with alcohol abstinent students (Rothman, 2007, pg 283). • In a survey of college students, alcohol use was one of the 4 strongest predictors for date rape (Loiselle, 2007, pg. 261). • The use of alcohol in date rape occurs twice as often as does the use of force (Loiselle, 2007, pg. 261). • Researchers recently investigated the impact of alcohol consumption in predicting sexual victimization (Gidycz, 2007, pg. 5)

  5. Alcohol Consumption is a Serious Factor • There is abundant evidence that alcohol plays a role in many sexual assaults, particularly on college campuses (Gidycz, 2007, pg. 6). • Alcohol consumption & sexual assault have been linked in many studies, indicating that approximately half of sexual assaults involve alcohol consumption by the perpetrator, the victim, or both (Masters, 2006, pg. 292). • Alcohol has been shown to have a substantially disinhibitory cue value in social situations (Masters, 2006, pg. 292). • This may decrease a woman's resistance to sexual assault by enhancing her perception of a man as sexually disinhibited, free or wild & diminishing her perception of him as assaultive, making effective resistance less likely (Masters, 2006, pg. 292).

  6. Education is the Key • Findings suggest, a population based sexual assault prevention program for first year college students had a positive effect of victimization rates for some sub groups of students (Rothman, 2006, pg. 289). • Until effective intervention programs are designed & implemented for men on college campuses, it is essential to educate women on making informed decisions regarding risk related behaviors (Gidycz, 2007, pg. 13). • Sexual assault risk reduction efforts with college women should include a discussion of risk factors & perceived barriers to responding to risky situations (Gidycz, 2007, pg 113).

  7. Gaps in the Literature • Results from the various studies indicate there is further education needed to stress the importance of & need for both alcohol & sexual assault programming on college campuses. • There needs to more in depth studies on the positive effects of educating college students on rape myths, defining consent & risk reduction behaviors. • Prevention research should focus on sensitizing men & women to the effects of alcohol on risk detection to reduce bias and the prevalence of rape. • Future research should explore factors & situations that college students deem important for decreasing their risk for sexual assault.

  8. Rationale for my Topic • Alcohol facilitated sexual assaults may not be prevented 100% of the time however, continuing to promote awareness can assist in educating the community on risk factors. • I started out volunteering for a Sexual Assault hotline and then started going to the ER as an advocate for the victims. I realized how large this devastating epidemic really is. • I work with Survivors of Sexual Assault daily. Many of them have been young students & alcohol has been a factor. They have trouble remembering things clearly and many of these cases never go to court because the victim is not ‘credible’ based on engaging in risky behaviors. • I want to bring awareness to others about what I have seen in my work. It is important to me to continually work as an agent for change.

  9. My Personal Motivations • Through my work, I have seen the devastation & heartache sexual assault has on an individual and their loved ones. • It is not only part of my professional code of ethics but it is part of my personal values to promote safety within my community. • This is a subject not many people like to discuss or even think about. It seems as though the community believes it doesn’t happen here in this small town. • Since I started this type of work, it is my calling and my passion in life. • I hope to establish a prevention plan of my own which I hope can promote safety in my community.

  10. Assumptions • I assume even though there has been many research studies to demonstrate there is a relationship between alcohol and sexual assault, there is more to be learned about this terrifying topic. • I assume that each day someone says, “This won’t happen to me” and sadly the facts are, it does. • I assume there is someone out there who has never made the connection between alcohol and sexual assault. • I assume there are preventative programs that no one has thought of yet and the available prevention programs are not being utilized to the fullest. • I assume the study could highlight that DFSA happens in our community. I hope our local colleges could develop an increased awareness & promote safety to our students.

  11. Reference Page • Benson, B., Gohm, C., & Gross, A. (2007, August). College Women and Sexual Assault: The Role of Sex-related Alcohol Expectancies. Journal of Family Violence, 22(6), 341-351. Retrieved September 16, 2008, doi:10.1007/s10896-007-9085-z • Gidycz, C., Loh, C., Lobo, T., Rich, C., Lynn, S., & Pashdag, J. (2007, July). Reciprocal Relationships Among Alcohol Use, Risk Perception, and Sexual Victimization: A Prospective Analysis. Journal of American College Health, 56(1), 5-14. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from Academic Search Complete database. • Loiselle, M., & Fuqua, W. (2007, March). Alcohol's Effects on Women's Risk Detection in a Date-Rape Vignette. Journal of American College Health, 55(5), 261-266. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from Academic Search Complete database. • Masters, N., Norris, J., Stoner, S., & George, W. (2006, September). HOW DOES IT END? WOMEN PROJECT THE OUTCOME OF A SEXUAL ASSAULT SCENARIO. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 30(3), 291-302. Retrieved September 16, 2008, doi:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2006.00297.x • Rothman, E., & Silverman, J. (2007, March). The Effect of a College Sexual Assault Prevention Program on First-year Students' Victimization Rates. Journal of American College Health, 55(5), 283-290. Retrieved September 16, 2008, from Academic Search Complete database.

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