Title XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

1. ABSTRACT THIS IS YOUR ABTRACT This study aims to increase our understanding of the risks associated with chronic parental illness onuniversity students’life satisfaction, psychological distress, and compulsive self-reliance. A questionnaire that included several carefully selected instruments and demographic items was administered to a sample of 282 students from a large public university in the southwestern United States. MATERIALS AND METHODS THESE ARE YOUR MATERIALS AND METHODS The materials and methods of this research include a thorough review of literature, archival research at the Archivo General de la Nacion in Mexico City, and four oral interviews. The literature review includes academicbooks and articles that cover anything from the history and progression of neoliberal reform to migration and rural society in Mexico. This part of the research will review scholars’ arguments against and in favor of the reform and will provide the information needed to develop analysis of the oral interviews that will be conducted in the final part of the study. Research at the Archivo General de la Nacion in Mexico City included state propaganda that justified neoliberal reform and the actual policies and changes made to the government during the time period. Fourinterviews with two men and two women, all of whom migrated to the United States during the late twentieth or early twenty-first centuries will provide details of the effects of neoliberal reform. Their testimonies will serve to expose the affects of neoliberal reform on the lives of working class people. • DISCUSSION - continued • Sidney’s sonnet sequence emphasizes the trope of the beloved as an element of the natural world, bringing in metaphors of natural commodities from foreign lands to describe Stella’s physical appearance. Similar to Stella’s association with the natural world, this theme emphasizes an influence of colonial exploration. The commodification of women is also present in New World treatises, such as Martyr’s, who echoes Columbus when describing the native people of the Caribbean as giving the Spaniards virgins as gifts: “signifyinge unto them that they might take them away if they pleased.” Like the virgins of the Caribbean, Astrophil presents Stella as a colonized commodity. In Sonnet 32, references to the beginning of English imperialism surface when Sidney compares Stella to treasures found in the Eastern trade routes. Here, Astrophil compares Stella’s physical being to “ivory, rubies, pearl and gold,” commodities coveted as a result of the colonization of a foreign land enriched by these natural resources. In comparing Stella to these exotic, precious earthly deposits, the poet is figuring Stella as an exotic commodity • in Sonnet 29, Stella, in an attempt to liberate herself internally, gives her physical being up for conquest.  Though Stella’s heart is free, the narrative still establishes Stella‘s submissiveness towards the conqueror “Love” when her material self supplies “heralds,” “tents,” “food,” and “armour” (10-12).  Here, the sonnet shifts to a blazon; rather than comparing Stella’s parts to traditional imagery that flatters the beloved, the poet-lover shows the dismemberment of Stella’s eyes, lips, breasts, and legs, turning each into products of conquest and war. • In Martyr’s description of the Island of Hispaniola, he conjures up images of womanhood and female rule, calling Hispaniola the “moother and ladye of the other Ilandes” that the women were “attendygevppon her as their queene and patronelle.” This relationship between queenship and land would have resonated with Sidney, given his familiarity with the rhetoric of Elizabeth I, who also spoke of her queenship in relation to the land of England. In Sonnet 36, Astrophil no longer fashions Stella as a land to be conquered, but presents her in the form of a conqueror. • RESULTS • THESE ARE YOUR RESULTS • Stella’s association with the natural world becomes more prevalent within the poetic narrative through her physical representation. The sequence rarely considers Stella in terms that bring attention to her human qualities; rather, she is described through imagery that emphasizes her place within the sylvan realm. “Stella’s fair hair” (XIII, 10) and face are compared to a place “[w]here roses gules are borne in silver field” (11), reflecting the common Petrarchan tropes of comparing physical characteristics to floral and heraldic imagery. • If Stella is a creation of Astrophil within the poetry cycle, and he also fashions Stella as a creation of nature, then Astrophil becomes a personification of Nature or a usurper of Nature’s position. • Sidney’s sonnet sequence emphasizes the trope of the beloved as an element of the natural world, bringing in metaphors of natural commodities from foreign lands to describe Stella’s physical appearance. Similar to Stella’s association with the natural world, this theme emphasizes an influence of colonial exploration. The commodification of women is also present in New World treatises, such as Martyr’s, who echoes Columbus when describing the native people of the Caribbean as giving the Spaniards virgins as gifts: “signifyinge unto them that they might take them away if they pleased.” Like the virgins of the Caribbean, Astrophil presents Stella as a colonized commodity. In Sonnet 32, references to the beginning of English imperialism surface when Sidney compares Stella to treasures found in the Eastern trade routes. Here, Astrophil compares Stella’s physical being to “ivory, rubies, pearl and gold,” commodities coveted as a result of the colonization of a foreign land enriched by these natural resources. In comparing Stella to these exotic, precious earthly deposits, the poet is figuring Stella as an exotic commodity Title XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX INSERT FIGURE OR IMAGE LEGEND HERE INTRODUCTION THIS IS YOUR INTRODUCTION In Sir Walter Raleigh’s 1596 account of The Discovery of Guiana, the English explorer famously describes Guiana as a “country that hath yet her maidenhead, never sacked, turned, nor wrought,” associating the foreign land not only with virgin imagery, but also implying that this virginity can be “sacked, turned” and “wrought,” providing the reader with a blunt image of a maiden’s rape. Though Raleigh published his Discoverie13 years after Astrophil and Stella, Sir Philip Sidney employed similar language in his sonnet cycle. Sidney aspired to be an explorer like his friend Richard Hackluyt. Hackluyt wrote a treatise on his own explorations, Divers Voyages Touching the Discoverie of America (1582). Hackluyt’sDivers Voyages was inspired by Peter Martyr of Angleria’s treatise Decades of NeweWorlde, which were translated into English by Richard Eden in 1555, and became a popular text on exploration of the Americas. As Raleigh would do later, Martyr gendered the New World feminine, often relying on classical mythology to emphasize the exotic and erotic inhabitants that lay waiting in these new lands. Sidney made a serious attempt to go to North America in 1585, but his plans never came to fruition due to lack of funding and a political rivalry with Sir Francis Drake, who was forbidden to receive Sidney into his fleet. Sidney’s attempt to leave to the New World, a voyage that he viewed as an escape to freedom, was viewed by Queen Elizabeth  as an escape from her control. To compensate for his failed travels, Sidney brought themes of exploration to his sonnet sequence Astrophil and Stella, mapping out an aesthetic representation of his own romantic New World conquest. Though Sidney’s visions of actual New World exploration fell through, the exploration treatises influenced the language he employed in his writing. In Astrophil and Stella, Sidney, taking the form of the poet-lover Astrophil, uses these influences to expand on Astrophil’s love for Stella, and to expiate on the love being unrequited.  Through images of Stella being fashioned as a conquered land and through contrasting images of a gender reversal between the beloved and lover that results in Astrophil being the conquered land, the ties between colonization and gender are enforced within the sonnet sequence. Though Sidney borrows from an ongoing trope that was long instilled in the Petrarchan tradition of fashioning the beloved as a part of nature or an exotic land to be “wrought,” he makes a unique turn in reversing the gender of his title persona, allowing Astrophil to not only take the feminized position, but also the position of the conquered and submissive. Astrophil’s self-feminization may be  rooted in Sidney’s own emasculation by his queen, as if his masculinity had lost him his authority. Stella, a representation of not only Elizabeth I or Penelope Rich, but also a representation of Sidney’s forgotten great expectations and prospects, embodies Sidney’s lost authority and unattainable goals. YADA YADA John McNair Scholar and Jackie M. Faculty, Ph.D. McNair Scholars Program Department of Some Discipline University of North Texas Denton, Texas LITERATURE CITED/REFERENCES Eastwood, J., & Snook, B. (2010). Comprehending Canadian police cautions: Are the rights to silence and legal counsel understandable?. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 28, 366-377. Rogers, R., Gillard, N. D., Wooley, C. N., & Fiduccia, C. E. (2011). Decrements in Miranda abilities: An investigation of situational effects via a mock-crime paradigm. Law And Human Behavior, 35, 392-401. doi:10.1007/s10979-010-9248-y Spielberger, C., Gorusch, R., Lushene, R., Vagg, P., & Jacobs, G. (1983). State-trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults. Menlo Park, CA: Mind Garden Inc. INSERT FIGURE OR IMAGE LEGEND HERE INSERT FIGURE OR IMAGE LEGEND HERE INSERT FIGURE OR IMAGE LEGEND HERE INSERT FIGURE OR IMAGE LEGEND HERE • DISCUSSION • Stella’s association with the natural world becomes more prevalent within the poetic narrative through her physical representation. The sequence rarely considers Stella in terms that bring attention to her human qualities; rather, she is described through imagery that emphasizes her place within the sylvan realm. “Stella’s fair hair” (XIII, 10) and face are compared to a place “[w]here roses gules are borne in silver field” (11), reflecting the common Petrarchan tropes of comparing physical characteristics to floral and heraldic imagery. • If Stella is a creation of Astrophil within the poetry cycle, and he also fashions Stella as a creation of nature, then Astrophil becomes a personification of Nature or a usurper of Nature’s position.