Chrysanthemum

1. Chrysanthemum Chrysant = Krisan = Seruni Long vaselife have many variety colour and shape

2. Type and Shape of Flower Tipe flower : Spray dan Standard Shape of Flower Single, Anemone,Spider, Pompom,Dekoratif sita 2006

3. Micro climate of Plant • Short Day Plant , • Initiation of flower and developing of flower will be happen if the lenghth of day less than 12 hours. • To delay the generatif phase and to dan increasing the vegetatif growth , plant must be got lighting between 14 – 16 hours sita 2006

4. Indonesia, Length of day (fotopeiode) between day light and night period almost same, 12 hours  for vegetatif growth. Plant should be given lighting addition for 2 – 4 hours  to stimulate the vegetatif growth fase long day might be given at early planting – long day leaf number(LDLN) – • LDLN influence of genetic factor of variety and dan also influence of level of lighting and temperature sita 2006

5. Dark phase  more than 13 hours  Can stimulate flowering growth • In dry season, Intensity of light  higher ( average ) – more than 70000 lux (= 70 Klux) • Rainy season – under 10 Klux Optimal intensity of lighting  plant growth and developing of flower  32 Klux (Fides, 1990) sita 2006

6. temperature – quality of flower The best of night temperature  between 16-180 C – range – 1000 m dpl (above sea level) • For medium land until lowe land, must choose  the type of plant  not temperature sensitive  prefer nice bright colourfull flower • Humidity – optimal – 70-90 % sita 2006

7. PLANT CULTIVATION • Seed • Growing media , • Fertilizing , • Watering , • Fotoperiode , • Plant protection, • Post Harvest treatment sita 2006

8. Create Mikro Climate of Plant • Night  between 16-180 C, Day-light period  between 25-300 C • Should give shading house  not contact with rain  not spoiled and keep the flower in good condition. • Its important that shading  not to much reduce the air sirculation, intensity of lighting enough, having a strong construction, and temperature inside of shading as similar (not so different ) with outside of shading haouse. sita 2006

9. Prepare of the field • Before cultivation of the field  Soil might be analyzed first. • To know contain of mineral and unsure in soil and to know pH of soil 6-7 and also EC. Cultivation Land • top soil, until the depth of 30 cm • If the soil sticky  easy to be lump  because the soil contain clay, so it’s need sekam or organic material addition, it’s like : pupuk kandang and compost. sita 2006

10. pupuk kandang addition  sebaiknya spread away before field cultivation, with use pupuk kandang 1,5 - 3 m3 per 100 m2, depend on soil condition. • If pH soil  low  add with dolomit, with recommendation dosage. • For soil that detect nematode (Meloydogine) attack), sterilze soil with Vapam atau Basamid. • Row of field (bedengan) width  1 m, distance between row : 0,5 m, length of row max. 30 m – high : 10 cm – fertilizing with TSP 100 g/m2 sita 2006

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12. Instalation Supporting Plant Irrigation instalation • Drip  better irrigation tools • Better than sprinkle • Net installation • Material of net  from various material, thread, plastic or wire. Hollow of net  measure  12.5 x 12.5 sita 2006

13. Lamp installation • Lighting addition at night - 70 lux – TL – 40 lux – timer for siklik system (10’ switch on, 20’ switch off) 100 watt – height : 2-2,5 m sita 2006

14. Seedling • Usually from cutting • Cutting  rooted – not rooted yet • Paid royalty  each every cutting that produce. • Criteria a good seed : • Well growth of Root, arround the bottom of stem and free from pest and disease • No have brown node in bottom of the stem  caused bacterial attack or fungi • Leaf freen from white rust • Leaf free from leaf miner egg  no seen white node. At leaf that make a white point, and in leaf  white node off formerly leaf that ovipositor leaf miner attacked. sita 2006

15. A tip  free from thrips and other pest and disease. • Normal leaf  no initiation ( upside leaf  oval shape ) and etiolation ( leaf, stem  color : pale, long internode and smaller stem • Stem  normal and rigid • The initiation of plant  at 2 – 4 weeks. sita 2006

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17. Planting • Watering soil from dried until wet enough, basah, + 10 l/m2 • Goal 2E – before planting , • Drench until wet • At age of plant 3-4 weeks  leaves of chrysant was dense enough  can blocked sun light to the soil. • Population : 64 seedling/m2 sita 2006

18. Long day period Treatment • Tropical like Indonesia has long day : 12 hours/ day  should add lamp lighting at least 2-4 jam per malam. • Light lighting  can be switch on  at 19.00 - 04.00. • The Method to switch on the lamp  can swith on all day for 2 hours or with “siclic” method. sita 2006

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20. With “siklik” method can make efficient use of electric cost. • The way : switch on the lamp for 10 minute, and then switch off the lamp for 20 minute. And switch on again 10 minute, then switch off for 20 minute, and so on until 4 hours, so it’s total switch on 80 minute. sita 2006

21. Lamanya fase long day tidak sama untuk semua varietas • kelompok cepatialah varietas-varietas chrysanthemum yang memiliki pertumbuhan yang cepat, pemberian cahaya long day-nya dihentikan ketika tanaman mencapai tinggi 30-35 cm – sekitar 3-4 minggu • kelompok sedang ialah yang memiliki pertumbuhan sedang, fase long day-nya dihentikan ketika tanaman sudah mencapai tinggi 35-45 cm – fase long day-nya selama 4-5 minggu • kelompok yang lambat, yang tumbuhnya lambat sekali, fase long day-nya baru dihentikan ketika tanaman sudah mencapai ketinggian 45-50 cm – selama 5 minggu atau lebih sita 2006

22. Long time of long day period affected by internal and external factor • Climate – fertile of growing media  sunny season – optimal temperature. • After enter to the short day period, chrysant  naturally  generatif phase  covered plant with black plastic (blackout) sita 2006

23. General Maintenance • Watering Water for plant should be clean, wheter not water  not infected the disease.If there’s indicator of disease  small plant must be same – more often  necessary water for routine 3-5 l/m2 • Time of watering  early morning until afternoon.Pembersihan gulma • Weeding must be immediately sita 2006

24. Disbudding • This is to making type spray, • disbudding  flower that placed on the tip • Make standar type, di-disbudding  flower under the main flower, so can rise a big flower. • Allowed  disbudding  no use tools Beside with hand. sita 2006

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26. Defoliation • Defoliation from bottom • Leave must put off /4 from lead total of plant • Rise up Shading-net • When to rise up shading net  don’t be late • Cause can make oblique plant  and then bent plant • Rise up ¾ a part of plant sita 2006

27. Installation shading • Install shading  to reduce the light intensity. It’s important to do, if the light intensity too high • And if the temperatur  hot  clour of flower : pale . Light optimal 32000 lux • In the afternoon  low land  when sunny season  until 70000 lux, and temperature can reach more than 300 C. sita 2006

28. Fertilizing • The 1st fertilizing  when the plant looks fresh  1 weeks after plant • For vegetatif growth  fertilizing until age of the plant 6 weeks with applied NPK 24-8-8, consentration 8,5 g/l and volume of fertigation 3 liter/m2. • Frequently of fertilizing  apply followed as the EC of soil , for chrysant  0,8-1 mS/cm. • Well fertilizing  as well as once every weeks and better to support with gandasil D 2 g/l. • Sprayeing foliar fertilizer  every weeks • Can mixed with pesticide, • Better  spraying all of part the leaf • Because unsure inside of fertilizer  slowly to moved  slow released. sita 2006

29. Fertilizing at generatif phase • Beginning after the age of plant  6 weeks until the flower appear the colour (colouring). • Frequently of fertilizing  do it once every weeks  better to know the EC of soil with NPK 15-15-15, concentration 8,5 g/l air, and volume fertigation 3 l/m2 • To complete the unsure of plant, should add with gandasil B that sprayed to the lead  as well as once a weeks . It also can mix with pesticide. • Important to know the growth of plant, when decreasing of pH. So it should be give a dolomit to the soil, to make better mineral absorb by the plant. sita 2006

30. Handling Pest and Disease • Prevent the attack of Pest and Disease  mechanic  covered the plant with insect screen  so that insect can entered • Or make a trap for insect to reduce the population. Ex : make yellow trap. • And also kill directly the harmfull pest (insect) with bacterizide and also pesticide sita 2006

31. Leaf Miner ( Liriomyza sp.) Leaf Miner merupakan hama yang paling dominan saat ini, sepanjang selalu ada, populasinya akan meningkat bila masuk musim kemarau • Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) Serangan thrips biasanya pada pucuk tanaman chrysant yang masih dalam fase pertumbuhan vegetatif • Aphids (Myzus persicae) Aphids sebenarnya hama yang mudah untuk dikendalikan, tetapi bila kurang waspada, serangan aphids akan merusak kualitas bunga • Red Spider (Tetranichus sp.) • Ulat. Ulat yang menyerang chrysant ada dua jenis – ulat penggerek daun – ulat penggulung daun • Akar Gada penyebabnya Meloydogine • White Rust(Puccinia horiana) White rust merupakan penyakit yang sangat berbahaya di musim hujan – bila kelembapan udara tinggi sita 2006

32. Harvest and Post Harvest • Spray Criteria ready to cut : flower has been risen up, where the petal completely open up all and for the flower which have pollen. Don’t make the pollen break out  so it’s seen yellowing and in the stalk of flower must be risen up until 60 % • Standar Criteriia : the flower completely open up, and the outside petal  completely open all • Better  drench soil until wet  so that  the plant that will be cut  become fresh and not wilted • Harvesting Chrysant  pull off the flower with root also, an then cut the bottom with cutter. sita 2006

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34. Criteria • grade I : • Flower rise (not completely open up and not smaller enough ) • Fresh and not so crowded • No affected the pest and disease (aphids, thrips, red spider,etc ), • At the outside of sepal flower  no spoiled  black colour • Big stem (as the variety) • Rigid and straight, the minimum length  75 cm. • Fresh green leaves  no dried  no infected the pest and disease (leaf miner, white rust, etc) • Shape of flower : Normal, not different with original colour flower basicly. sita 2006

35. grade II: • Flower open up, fresh, and may crowded but not infected pest and disease • Stem may  smaller but straight  with length  minimum 50 cm. • Others same criteria with 1st grade, with tolerance example : if the leaves infected leaf miner or other pest not so bad (still from the bottom) still have a chance to be 2nd grade sita 2006

36. Minimum  diameter 20 cm  wrapped • Minimum 10 stalk flower • Cut Flower with length of the stalk ± 70 cm and the bottom at least 20 cm. Must be clean from leaves  so if the cut flower pulse in the water  not spoiled. • Water to pulse the stalk of chrysant need to give addition material preservative to make free water from bacterial and fungi that harmful flower, example : with chlorin concentration 100 ppm. sita 2006

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