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Chapter 9 The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy

Chapter 9 The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy. . To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform , 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato  Pearson Education, 2009. The Roots of Bureaucracy.

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Chapter 9 The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy

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  1. Chapter 9The Executive Branch and the Federal Bureaucracy  To Accompany Comprehensive, Alternate, and Texas Editions American Government: Roots and Reform, 10th edition Karen O’Connor and Larry J. Sabato  Pearson Education, 2009

  2. The Roots of Bureaucracy • Foreign Affairs, War, Treasury first departments, AND Office of Attorney General(legal advisor) • Growth in early 1800s with Post Office due to westward expansion – Major source of jobs • Patronage and the spoils system become common (What is the key difference?) • Civil War spawns another expansion due to food distribution problems – Department of Agriculture is created (1889)

  3. Pendleton Act (1883) is beginning of civil service system in response to massive turnover when a new president was elected. • Also known as merit system. • Initiated by Garfield before assassination • Unfair business practices leads to creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) • First independent regulatory commission. • Railroad companies charging exorbinant rates for freight • Marks shift from service to regulatory bureaucracy • ons

  4. Twentieth-Century Bureaucracy • Growing number of cabinet departments. • Dept. of Commerce and Labor to oversee employer/employee relationships • Divided into two separate depts by Wilson • Addressed problems associated with monopolies and poor working conditions of employees • Federal Trade Commission (FTC) protect small business and public from monopolistic corporations. • 16th Amendment to support new federal agencies with funds

  5. Need for a larger government to support wars. • Increase in manufacturing • Tax increases (have never fallen back to pre-war levels) • Veteran’s demands for services led to bigger government (GI Bill - Educational loans and low mortgage rates FHA loans) • Led to specifications in new home construction • Affordable middle-class housing was a new concept • New Deal and Great Society (LBJ and FDR) • Focus on Pressing Social Problems • Equal Employment Opportunity Commission • Department of Transportation • Department of Housing and Urban Development

  6. Modern Bureaucracy • More than 2.7 million employees. • Most are selected based on merit. • Also have high-level appointees. • Wide variety of skills represented. • Less diverse than America. • Scattered throughout D.C. and regional offices. • Growth of outside contractors.

  7. Formal Organization • Cabinet departments handle broad, lasting issues. • Headed by secretaries. • Government corporations act like businesses. • Independent executive agencies handle services. • Narrower than Cabinet department, independent. • Independent regulatory commissions watch industry. • Designed to be free from partisan pressure.

  8. Government Workers and Politics • Hatch Act sets first boundaries. • Federal Employees Political Act is current standard.

  9. Characteristics of Bureaucracy • Chain of command from top to bottom. • Division of labor. • Clear lines of authority. • Goal orientation. • Merit system. • Productivity.

  10. How the Bureaucracy Works • Congress creates agencies. • Main job is implementation of laws. • Policy made in iron triangles or issue networks. • Increasing use of interagency councils.

  11. Making Policy • Administrative discretion allows a lot of latitude. • Rule-making is a quasi-legislative process. • Formal procedure for making regulations. • Administrative adjudication is quasi-judicial process. • Used to settle disputes between two parties.

  12. Agency Accountability • Unclear who agencies should be accountable to. • Presidents try to make the right appointments. • Can also shape policy through executive orders. • Congress can use oversight powers and funding. • Police patrol v. fire alarm oversight. • Judiciary can review regulations.

  13. AV- Growth of Government  Back

  14. Figure 9.1- Civilian Employment  Back

  15. Figure 9.2- Employee Characteristics  Back

  16. Figure 9.3- Agency Regions  Back

  17. Figure 9.4- The Executive Branch  Back

  18. Figure 9.5- An Iron Triangle  Back

  19. Figure 9.6- Rulemaking  Back

  20. Table 9.1- FEPA  Back

  21. Table 9.2- Agency Accountability  Back

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