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AIR Biology Review

AIR Biology Review. DNA & RNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, HEREDITY & EVOLUTION. DNA Replication – making a copy of DNA. Why does a cell do it?. So the cell can reproduce. www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations.htm. What is the complementary strand of the DNA shown?.

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AIR Biology Review

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  1. AIR BiologyReview DNA & RNA, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, HEREDITY & EVOLUTION

  2. DNA Replication – making a copy of DNA Why does a cell do it? So the cell can reproduce • www.lewport.wnyric.org/jwanamaker/animations.htm

  3. What is the complementary strand of the DNA shown? • A T T G C T A T C G A

  4. Answer A T T G C T A T C G A T A A C G A T A G C T

  5. DNARNAProtein How do we get from gene to protein? translation transcription

  6. Transcription The process of transferring information from DNA to mRNA Occurs in nucleus

  7. RNA

  8. What RNA strand would be made from the DNA shown? • A T T G C T A T C G A G

  9. Answer REMEMBER! RNA does NOT have thymine! U A A C G A U A G C U C A T T G C T A T C G A G mRNA: codon codon 3 codon 2

  10. 2. Translation– synthesizing a protein • Takes place in cytoplasm on ribosomes • Reads mRNA codons to put amino acids in order to make a protein

  11. Amino Acid Codon Chart

  12. Genetic Mutations • Any change in the genetic code NOT ALL MUTATIONS ARE BAD!

  13. Mutations in somatic cells cannot be passed down.Mutation in a gamete MIGHT be passed down.

  14. Sickle Cell Anemia

  15. ANSWER

  16. GENETICS

  17. Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics

  18. Genes= Sections of DNA that control our traits • Alleles= different forms of a gene Example: Height of plant could be Tall and Short • Dominant: Stronger allele that can over power the weaker allele T=tall • Recessive: The weaker allele. t=short

  19. Is a code for proteins

  20. Genotypeactual alleles an individual has for a trait Homozygous • Both alleles are the same • Ex. BB or bb Heterozygous • Both alleles are different • Ex. Bb

  21. Phenotype Physical appearance Tall or short

  22. Punnett Square Review Cat fur color Black is dominant: B White is recessive: b Cross a white cat with a heterozygous black cat. What is the chance of having another white kitten in the litter? bb Bb

  23. Results of Punnett Square 50% Hybrid Black and 50% Purebred White bb x Bb b b Bb Bb B Bb bb bb b

  24. Pedigree Analysis

  25. Mendel’s Laws • Law of Dominance 2. Law of Segregation – alleles separate when forming gametes 3.Law of Independent Assortment: Alleles segregate independent from one another

  26. Law of Indep. Assortment

  27. Multiple Alleles Definition • Three or more alleles of the same gene that code for a single trait as in blood type. • Example: A, B, O alleles

  28. karyotype

  29. Sex Determination • 23 pairs of chromosomes in every cell (46) • 1st-22nd pair are autosomes • Pair 23 are reproductive chromosomes • Females XX • Males XY

  30. X-linked Traits Some traits only exist on the X chromosome. If there is a mutation on a gene that is located on the X chromosome, it is called an X-linked disorder. Ex: Color blindness, muscular dystrophy, male pattern baldness, and hemophilia. • Boys are most often affected and inherit it from their mother

  31. What is the chance that a man who is normal but a woman who is a carrier for hemophilia will have a child with hemophilia?

  32. Let’s Check What You Know…

  33. Biotechnology EMERGING ISSUES IN GENETICS

  34. DNA Electrophoresis • A technique used to separate compounds such as DNA and protein based on size by applying an electrical field.

  35. Genetic Engineering • Cut genes out with restriction enzymes • Paste them into a bacterial plasmid = makes recombinant DNA

  36. Genetically Modified Organisms • Examples: • Animals • Bacteria can “eat” oil and radioactive wastes • Extra growth hormone genes to grow faster • Plants • Disease & insect resistance • More nutritional value • Bigger, tastier fruits & veggies

  37. Bacteria have been engineered (genetically modified) to make pharamceuticals

  38. Cloning • Clone = genetically identical cells produced from a single cell • Dolly, the sheep, was a clone • Ethical issues? • Uses? • Medical • Save endangered species

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