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Environmental Controls II/IIG

Environmental Controls II/IIG. Lecture 5 Electrical Equipment Utility Rate Structures Electrical Power Management. Electrical Equipment. Power Supply. S: F. 27.1 p. 1228. Electrical Equipment. Switchgear. S: F.27.2 p.1229. Electrical Equipment. Switchgear Space Requirements.

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Environmental Controls II/IIG

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  1. Environmental Controls II/IIG Lecture 5 Electrical Equipment Utility Rate Structures Electrical Power Management

  2. Electrical Equipment Power Supply S: F. 27.1 p. 1228

  3. Electrical Equipment Switchgear S: F.27.2 p.1229

  4. Electrical Equipment Switchgear Space Requirements S: F.26.28 p.1191

  5. S: F.27.12 p.1239 Electrical Equipment Distribution Networks • Cable/Conduit • Busduct • Busway • Underfloor systems • Raised floor systems S: F.27.33 p.1253 S: F.27.9 p.1237

  6. Electrical Equipment Safety Considerations • National Electric Code • Fuses and Circuit Breakers • Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI, GFI) • Battery Backup • Emergency Generator • Armored Cable vs Metal Clad

  7. Electrical Equipment Electrical Closets S: F.28.14 p.1281

  8. Electrical Equipment Electrical Plans • Lighting • Power S: F.28.21 p.1296 S: F.28.22 p.1297

  9. Environmental Controls II/IIG Utility Rate Structures

  10. Utility Rate Structures Billing Components • Connection Charge • Consumption • Demand • Power Factor S: F.25.13 p. 1157

  11. Utility Rate Structures Block Rate $X1 for first Y1 kwh $X2 for next Y2 kwh … Energy Charge $X per kwh

  12. PEAK DEMAND Utility Rate Structures Ratchet Clause Charge to insure capacity based on previous peak demand AVG DEMAND

  13. Utility Rate Structures Time of Day Rates $X1/kwh for on peak hours $X2/kwh for off peak hours … Uninterruptible Power Supply

  14. Example Large General Service Rate $11.25/month service connection Demand charge: $9.72/kw Energy charge: $0.0682/kwh first 200 kwh $0.0632/kwh for remainder Ratchet clause: 11 month

  15. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW 1 750 30 2 680 22 3 570 21 4 550 32 5 600 35 6 560 19 7 580 21 8 500 16 9 590 18 10 620 21 11 590 22 12 620 23

  16. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet 1 750 30 $351.25 2 680 22 $269.07 3 570 21 $252.39 4 550 32 $358.05 5 600 35 $390.37 6 560 19 $232.32 7 580 21 $253.03 8 500 16 $199.37 9 590 18 $224.50 10 620 21 $255.55 11 590 22 $263.38 12 620 23 $274.99 $3,324.27

  17. Example Previous 11 month peak demand: 25 KW Month Kwh KW w/o ratchet w/ratchet 1 750 30 $351.25 $351.25 2 680 22 $269.07 $346.83 3 570 21 $252.39 $339.87 4 550 32 $358.05 $358.05 5 600 35 $390.37 $390.37 6 560 19 $232.32 $387.84 7 580 21 $253.03 $389.11 8 500 16 $199.37 $384.05 9 590 18 $224.50 $389.74 10 620 21 $255.55 $391.63 11 590 22 $263.38 $389.74 12 620 23 $274.99$391.63 $3,324.27 $4,510.11 +36%

  18. Environmental Controls II/IIG Electrical Power Management

  19. “Facts of Life” Utilities are licensed to provide sufficient capacity to maintain expected demands New power plants are expensive to license and construct • Nuclear • Hydroelectric • Natural Gas • Oil • Coal All pose safety concerns to humans or the environment

  20. Sources of Electrical Power http://www.eia.doe.gov/neic/infosheets/electricgeneration.htm Coal 51 Nuclear 20 Natural Gas 17 Water 7 Petroleum 3 Other 2 Total 100%

  21. Future Sources of Electrical Power http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html Coal 38 Nuclear 15 Natural Gas 23 Water-- Petroleum 6 Other 18 Total 100%

  22. Emerging Technologies/Strategies Supply Side Management • Wind • Photovoltaics • Tidal • Biomass: “Waste to Energy” Demand Side Management • Conservation vs New Construction Design Practice Initiatives • Design Certifications • Stewardship of the Built Environment

  23. Supply Side Management Wind

  24. Supply Side Management Photovoltaics

  25. Supply Side Management Biomass: “Waste to Energy” http://www.co.hennepin.mn.us/vgn/portal/internet/hcdetailmaster/0,2300,1273_83267_100490584,00.html

  26. Supply Side Management Tidal http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy

  27. Demand Side Management Conservation instead of New Construction www.utahpower.net

  28. Demand Side Management Consumption Control: More efficient lamps More efficient motors More efficient appliances Controls (occupancy sensors, etc.)

  29. Demand Side Management Demand Control: Manual (timers, management) Automated (EMS, BAS, PC) Loads: Sheddable Non-sheddable S: F.25.13 p.1157

  30. Demand Side Management Utility Incentives: • Time of Day Rates: load shifting • Demand Reduction Rebates: demand limiting • Equipment Rebates: consumption reduction • Contract Renegotiation: cost reduction UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MIAKA Associates, 1988

  31. Demand Side Management Industry Incentives: • Partnering • Energy Codes • Tax Credits • “Green Lights” program UM Hospital, Ann Arbor MIAKA Associates, 1988

  32. Design Practice Initiatives Design Certifications: • LEED • Energy Star • Green Globes Phillip Merrill Environmental Center, Annapolis MDSmithGroup, 2000

  33. Design Practice Initiatives Stewardship of the Built Environment =Historic Preservation + Sustainability • Conserves resources • Reduces material streams • Revitalizes neighborhoods • Maintains “sense of place” • Increases livability Big-D Construction Headquarters, Salt Lake City, UTGSBS, 2005 1st LEED “GOLD” building in Utah

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