Unit 7

1. Unit 7 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Ideology and Belief

2. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Passage 1 Ethnic Fires Still Smoulder In Nigeria Language Features Background Information Warming-up Questions Organization Analysis Detailed Reading Post-Reading

3. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Language Features 报刊中的宗教及宗教词汇 由于本单元观念信仰内容的特殊性，本单元的文章基本来自《基督教科学箴言报》，在美国为数不多的有影响力的报纸中，《基督教科学箴言报》是很独特的一份报纸。虽然它是一份教会主办的报纸，可它却不是一份宗教报纸。虽然该报目的不是进行宗教宣传，而是向信徒和公众提供服务，但大千世界、种族纷呈，使它的报纸中自然少不了涉及宗教及宗教词汇。

4. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief • 宗教方面，比如我们熟知的： • 基督教（Christian）；天主教（Catholic） • 还有从基督教中分离出来的各教派： • 东正教（Eastern Orthodox） • 新教（Protestantism）； • 福音会（Evangelicals） • 普救派（Universalists） • 公理宗（Congregationalists）等。 • 有着悠久的犹太教与基督教（Judeo-Christian）传统的美国，如今正迅速成为世界上最具宗教多样性的国家。

5. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief • 另有一些涉及宗教的词汇，也是我们在阅读报刊、了解天下事时所不得不了解的：如在最古老宗教之一的犹太教（Judaism）中， • Torah（托辣，即律法）：犹太教的主要训诫与教义均来自这里，也就是圣经的前五卷书。 • Mishnah (米市纳，即重述)：在以色列土地上的犹太教学者于西元70年编辑的圣经第6卷。 • Gemara (革玛辣，即解释)：五世纪时对圣经第6卷做的一些补充。 • Rabbi（拉比)：犹太人的学者或犹太教师。 • Talumd (塔耳慕得)：犹太口传经文。

6. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief • 而在伊斯兰教（Islam）中， • Islam（伊斯兰）：阿拉伯语的音译，本意“顺从”。 • Muslims（穆斯林）：阿拉伯语指顺从安拉旨意的人，即“顺从者”，是伊斯兰教徒的通称。 • imam（伊玛目）：伊斯兰教国家穆斯林的领袖或伊斯兰教教长。 • Sheikh（胥克）：阿拉伯国家的酋长或王子；也指伊斯兰教教主或(土耳其的)伊斯兰教法典权威。 • Ulama（乌力马）：接受伊斯兰教和伊斯兰法律训练，是穆斯林的学者或宗教、法律的权威。 • 希望这些宗教专业词汇能对我们的学习有所帮助。

7. Ethnic Conflict Escalates In Nigeria 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Background Information Nigeria was brought into being under British colonial rule, when in the early 1900s Lord Lugard forged together the Moslem Northern protectorate and the Southern Christian sphere. The British encouraged regionalism. The South was divided up into a western and eastern region. Under the governor-general Richards, a constitution was set up in 1946 that created three regional councils—one in the north, east and west provinces. The provinces, later called regions, held more devolved power following a revision of the constitution in 1951 under governor-general McPherson.

8. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief These regions reflected political divisions based on tribal allegiance. The western region was dominated by the Action Group AG (mainly Yoruba), the northern region by the Northern People's Congress NPC (mainly Hausa-Fulani) and the eastern region by the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons NCNC (mainly Igbo).

9. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief In the lead up to independence, the Eastern and Western regions became self-governing states in 1957 and the North a self-governing state in 1959. Nigeria gained its independence from British rule in October 1960. The tensions between the regions did not ease following independence. The federal government based in Lagos was dominated by the NPC because, being the most populous region, its representation outnumbered the other two regional parties.

10. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief The role of the military throughout Nigeria's independence has been to intervene when ethnic conflicts and tensions threatened to tear it apart. Obasanjo led an army commando division in the war against Biafra and was seen as fervent nationalist. Although a Christian Yoruba from the Southwest, the Northern Muslim Hausa/Fulani military elite favoured him as president. They hope he can hold the disparate forces together.

11. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS (the Cross, Lily, Lamb) The cross and the lily are both Christian symbols relating to the religious significance of the season and the renewal of faith.

12. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief CHRISTIAN SYMBOLS (the Cross, Lily, Lamb) Similarly, the lamb has a religious basis in Christianity (Christ as the Good Shepherd). The view of a lamb as a symbol of new life is the foundation forthis religious images.

13. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief What Do Peoples In The World Believe And Believe In? Warming-up Questions • It seems that most Americans share a belief in democracy and freedom. • Most people in the Middle East believe that “Allah is Allah” (真主之外无真主), and they are called Muslims. • Peoples in Asian countries worship Buddha which is Indian mystic and founder of Buddhism. • Then what do Africans believe and believe in? Have you ever learnt that there are different ethnic groups in Nigeria? What will happen in this country with so many different beliefs existing together?

14. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Organization Analysis Para.1-10 The Ethnic Conflict Ethnic Conflicts In Nigeria Para.11-27 The Causes Para.28-37 How To Prevent It

15. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Organization Analysis Part I (Para.1-10) Main Idea:The Ethnic Conflict In Jos Para.1-5The victims, Aminu Mohamed and Shuaibu Abubakar, described their experience in the conflict – some of the school buildings were destroyed. Para.6 -10The victims finally found out that the mob had not come to destroy the school buildings, they had come for the children.

16. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Organization Analysis Part II (Para.11-27) Main Idea:The Causes Of The Conflict Para.11-12So many people were killed across the city of Jos, the crossroad between the Muslim north of Nigeria and the mainly Christian south, while a disputed local election had led to the latest violence. Para.13-17Most of the clashes have been between members of the Hausa-Fulani community and local ethnic groups. The focus of the conflict is not about religion but about who should be seen as the rightful owners of the city.

17. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Organization Analysis Para.18-20In Jos, three ethnic groups - all Christians who are recognised as the original inhabitants of the area, have preferential rights. Para.21-22As the population has grown, competition between settlers and indigenes has intensified. Therefore, there will be more and more conflicts occurring to coincide with religious and ethnic divisions. Para.23-25Although Hausa-Fulani politicians claim that equal rights have been given to their community, some among the original inhabitants groups oppose that.

18. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Organization Analysis Para.26-27The control of local authorities is seen as crucial to being the rightful owner of the city. Hence, politicians on both sides have to take the responsibility for stoking up tensions, to mobilise support and maximise their chances of getting elected. Part III (Para.28-37) Main Idea: How To Prevent The Conflict Para.28-31The Christian victims feel unsafe to return their homes because they think Jos is now more segregated than ever. Para.32-37There are different views on how to prevent further violence: leaders who see themselves as indigenous say Hausa politicians should stop standing for election in Jos; while the Hausa leaders say that the violence is unlikely to end unless, what they describe as discrimination against their community ends.

19. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Detailed Reading Passage Reading Understanding Sentences Word Study

20. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences • We were surrounded, they shot one of the students in his stomach and I saw someone trying to shoot me with an arrow. (Para. 5) cf. She told us to come out of the dormitory and (Para. 8) we heard them saying they were going to cut us up. I’m left hanging just like a stateless citizen. (Para. 15) Comments In the 1st sentence, pay attention to “shoot…in /with…” and “see sb. doing sth.” And in next 2 sentences, notice “heard them saying” and “left hanging”. To be continued

21. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences 第一个句子中有两个地方值得注意。 １) 动词 shoot的特殊用法。 shoot sb. in the head/leg/stomach, etc. shoot sb./sth. with… 使用……射击 类似的用法有：hit sb. on the shoulder/cheek/arm etc. hit sb. in the face/eye/stomach Comments Examples • He aimed to shoot the rare with his arrow. • He had been shot in the chest but managed to crawl to safety. • A second shot hit her in the back. • He hit me on the shoulder with a stick. To be continued

22. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences 2) 现在分词在某些短语动词、感官动词、使役动词后作补足语。现在分词在某些动词，如see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance 等感官动词和look at, listen to 等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send 等使役动词后作补足语时，表示正在进行的或主动的动作。 同样的现象在后两个句子（Para.8 and Para.15）中也有表现。 Comments Examples • I heard him singing a song. • The boys were last seen playing near the river. • The men all turned to look at her entering the room. • I caught him reading my private letters. • The explosion sent glass flying everywhere.

23. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences 2.Across the city, hundreds were reportedly killed within the space of 48 hours. A similar round of sectarian violence back in 2001 cost up to 1,000 lives.(Para. 11) 据报道，在48小时时间里全国有几百人被杀害。2001年类似的一轮宗教暴行令多达1,000多人丧生。 Translation In these sentences, the use of “space”, “a round of”, “back” and “up to” should be paid attention to . Comments To be continued

24. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences • 在这两个句子中有四个值得注意的地方。 • “in/ within the space of time”= within a particular period of time 一段时间 • 2) “a round of”= a series of（一系列中的）一次，一轮 Comments Examples • Mandy had four children in the space of four. • The School was unfortunate to lose two of its most • hardworking Governors within the space of seven months. • 3. A final round of talks is scheduled in Tokyo next year. • 4. I got beaten in the first round. To be continued

25. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences • “back” adv. =in or towards a time in the past 回到过去 • 4) “up to”=as much or as many as a certain amount or number but not more（数目）到…之多 Comments Examples • The house was built backin 1235. • Back in the 70s, disco music was very popular. • The Olympic Stadium will hold upto 80,000 spectators. • Our car can hold upto five people.

26. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences 3. The latest violence followed a disputed local election in which a Christian candidate defeated a Muslim.(Para. 12) “Which” not only introduces an attributive clause, but also refers to “the election”, adding more information to the principal clause. Comments Examples • He had witnessed the appalling casualties inwhich40,000 people were killed. • He was educated at the local grammar school, afterwhich he went on to Cambridge.

27. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences 4. However, many feel that the conflict is not about religion but about who should be seen as the rightful owners of the city. (Para. 14) Here conjunction “but” is used after a negative to emphasize that it is the second part of the sentence that is true. Comments Examples • He lied to the court not just once, but on several occasions. • The purpose of the scheme is not to help the employers but to provide work for young people. To be continued

28. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences cf. Hausa-Fulani politicians say their community must now be given equal rights but some among the indigenous groups oppose that. (Para. 23) Here conjunction “but” is used to introduce a statement that explains why the thing you have mentioned did not happen or is not possible. Comments • I'd like to go but I'm too busy. • They would have married sooner, butthey had to wait for her divorce. Examples

29. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences 5.Access to education and employment have come to depend on whether one is an indigene or a settler, and therefore people who are non-indigenes cannot have the same opportunities that indigenes have. (Para. 20) 接受教育和得到雇佣都得取决于你是当地人还是定居者，因此那些非本地人是不可能获得和本地人一样的机会的。 Translation In these sentences, the use of “access to”, “whether… or…”, and “who-clause” should be paid attention to . Comments To be continued

30. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences • 在这个句子中, 有三个值得注意的地方: • “access to”= the right to enter a place, use something, see someone etc接近、享用或使用…的权力 • “whether…or” used when talking about a choice you have to make 是…还是(不是) • “who-clause” introduced by “who” serves as an attributive clause, adding more information to the principal clause. Comments Examples • Access to the papers is restricted to senior management. • Cats should always have access to fresh, clean water. • I can't tell whether or not the teacher likes me. • The talk was given by a man who used to live in Russia.

31. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences • The control of local authorities is seen as crucial to controlling which ethnic groups can be classified as indigenous. (Para. 26) Pay attention to the use of the adjective “crucial (to)”. Similar words are: essential, necessary, and vital (to/for). 此外，这些形容词在下面句型“It is +形容词+ that .... (should)+ 动词原形”中使用，从句用虚拟语气。 Comments Examples • This aid money is crucial to the government’s economic policies. • Calcium is essential to/ for the development of healthy teeth and bones. • Regular exercise is vital for your health. • It is necessary that everyone have enough sleep every day. • It is vital that proper measures be taken to ensure national security.

32. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences • Some leaders among the groups that see themselves as indigenous, say Hausa politicians should stop standing for election in Jos. (Para. 33) 那些把自己看作是土著人的族群领导人认为，豪萨政客们应该停止参加在乔斯的竞选。 Translation In this sentence, pay attention to the use of " that-clause” and the word “indigenous”. Comments To be continued

33. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences 这个句子中有两处值得注意的语法现象: 1）“That”引导的定语从句 定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句，其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分，相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句，一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。 Comments Examples • I still remember the day when I first came to the school. • The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down. • Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. • The boys who are playing football are from Class One. • He has a friend whose father is a doctor. To be continued

34. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences 2) The word “indigenous” adj. Originating and growing or living in an area or environment 当地的，本土的 Syn. native indigene也作indigen= One that is native or indigenous to an area 土生的动植物, 土著 indigenously adv. indigenousness n. Comments Examples • Indians were the indigenous inhabitants of America. • Happiness, anger, griefs and joys are feelings indigenous to human beings.

35. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Understanding Sentences • The Hausa leaders say that the violence is unlikely to end unless, what they describe as discrimination against their community ends. (Para. 36) 豪萨领导人称，只要他们所描述的、对他们社区的歧视依然存在，暴力（冲突）就不可能结束。 Translation Comments “What-clause” is a subjective clause introduced by what”. Examples • Whathe wants to tell us is not clear. • Why they left their hometown for Yunnan is still unknown. • That Tom was the most qualified applicant is agreed by • the Board. • 4. Whethershe likes the present is not clear to me.

36. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study 1. come v. came, come; coming 1) to move towards somebody or something 来 Can you come here for a minute? 2) go with somebody（和某人一起）去某地 I asked Rosie if she'd like to come with us. 3) to reach a level/ place 达到，到达 She had blonde hair which came down to her waist.The water came up as far as my chest. To be continued

37. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study come back (Para. 2) 1)to appear or return to someone or something again回来 My mother was scared that if I left home I'd never comeback. The pain in her shoulder was coming back again. 2) to become fashionable or popular again重新流行；再度时髦 Who'd have thought hippy gear would ever come back! 3) to start to be remembered again被想起；被记起 As I walked the city streets that evening, the memories cameflooding back. To be continued

38. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study come to (Para. 6) • to do something by chance, without planning or intending • to do it （碰巧）做… • Can you tell me how the body came to be discovered? • 2) to begin to have a feeling or opinion 开始（想） • I came to believe that he was innocent after all. • 3) come to a decision/conclusion/agreement etc达到（一致） • If they don't come to a decision by midnight, the talks will be • abandoned. To be continued

39. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study come for sb. / sth. (Para. 6) 1) to arrive to collect someone or something 来接(人)；来取(物) They come for companionship and for the chance to enjoy a wide range of activities. They got what they came for. 2) to arrive at a place in order to take someone away by force 来抓某人 Members of the secret police came for him in the middle of the night. To be continued

40. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study come out (Para. 9) 1) if a book, record etc comes out, it becomes publicly available 出版，发行 When is the new edition coming out? We’ve recorded a new album, and it's coming out in the spring. 2) if something comes out in a particular way, that is what it is like after it has been made or produced结果是 I've made a cake, but it hasn't come out very well. 3) to be easy to notice 出现，露出 As the sky grew darker, the stars came out one by one.

41. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study cf. come out of/ come from 1) to be descended 出身于 They come (out) of/ from a good family. 2) to be derived; originate; to be a native or resident of 源自；源于；来自或居住于 Oaks come from acorns. My friend comes from Chicago. 3)break away from(冲破...)出来；脱离, 摆脱 When water is running, water comes out of one fixture or another.

42. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study 2. cut up (Para. 8)vs. cut down 1) to cut something into small pieces剁碎，切碎，剪碎 Could you cut the pizza up, please? He cut the paper up into little pieces. 2) to suddenly drive in front of a moving vehicle in a dangerous way强行超车 Some idiot cut me up on the motorway. 3) to behave badly胡闹，大发脾气 When Steve cut up rough, she realized she’d gone too far.

43. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study 2. cut up vs. cut down (Para. 9) 1) to reduce the amount, size, length, etc.降低，减少，删节 I've always smoked, but I'm trying to cut down. Your essay's too long - it needs cutting down a little. How can you cut down the risk of cancer? 2) to cut through the main part of a tree so that it falls on the ground砍树 They’re supposed to cut down 7 trees a day. 3) to kill or injure someone, esp. in a battle 杀死，伤害 Hundreds of men were cut down by crossbow fire.

44. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study 3. refuse (Para. 9)VS. deny (Para. 16) 1) refuse to do something: to say firmly that you will not do something 拒绝做… I absolutely refuse to take part in anything that's illegal. 2)[syn.] turn down to say no to something that you have been offered 拒绝某人某物 The offer seemed too good to refuse. She refused a second piece of cake. deny sb. sth. to refuse to allow someone to have or do something拒绝给予 She could deny her son nothing. To be continued

45. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study cf. decline v. decline（formal）to say no politely when someone invites you somewhere, offers you something, or wants you to do something（礼貌地）拒绝；谢绝 Mary declineda hot drink and went to her room. The pilot declined medical treatment after the accident. decline an offer/invitation etc 拒绝邀请、提议等 Ed asked me to run the new division for them, but I declined. decline to do something The minister declined to comment (=refused to speak to people who report the news) about the progress of the peace talks.

46. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study 4. as 的用法 (Para. 14) …because the government of Plateau State sees them as “settlers”. (Para. 16) … because he is not recognised as “indigenous” to Jos. (Para. 26) … the control of local authorities is seen as crucial to controlling which ethnic groups can be classified as indigenous... ashaving the function or characteristic of … To be continued

47. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study • treat / regard him your friend • act the leader • the box serves a table • look on him an honest man • use the stick a tool • think of /describe him a hero • introduce her our teacher • refer to study the chief task • classify these cows a rare breed as

48. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study 5. discriminate vi&vt (Para. 14) • to treat a person or group differently from another in an unfair way • 差别待遇；歧视 • discriminate against 歧视, 排斥 • They were accused of discriminating against women. 2) to recognize a difference between things 区别; 辨别 Syn. differentiate discriminate between 区别; 辨别 Newborn babies can discriminate betweena man's and a woman's voice. discriminate...from… 分清...与...的差别 The parties have become so similar it is difficult to discriminate Republicans fromDemocrats. discrimination n. To be continued

49. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study 6. give (preferential) rightto sb. / sth.(Para. 18) to give something that you are morally, legally, or officially allowed to do or have 给予…（优先）权 Everyone should be given the equal right to freedom of expression. Each user is given access rights to the server's files. preferential : [only before noun] giving one person or group an advantage over others 优先的；优待的 And zero shareholders havepreferential rights to trusts' assets when they are wound up.

50. 最新英美报刊选读_Unit 7 Ideology and Belief Word Study 7. coincide with (Para. 22) 1) to happen at the same time as something else, especially by chance（时间上）巧合 His entry to the party coincided with his marriage. I had to cancel our lunch date, as it coincided with my hospital appointment. 2) if two people‘s ideas, opinions etc coincide, they agree with one another（想法或意见）相符，一致 The cloth had a natural look which coincided perfectly with the image Laura sought. Even if her advice does not coincide with what you want, I advise you to follow it. coincidence n.