nanoparticles in drug delivery

1. The Use of Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery Systems

2. Presented by:P.Arsula II nd M.Tech Nanoscience &TechnologyUdaya school of engineering

3. Contents:1.Introduction2.Drug delivery 3.Nanoparticles in drug delivery4.conclusion.

4. What is Nanotechnology? • Nanoscience: involves research and technology development at 1 nm to 100nm range (nanoscale) • Nanotechnology creates and uses structures that have novel properties because of their small size • Nanotechnology builds on the ability to control or manipulate at atomic scale

5. Applications • Medical • Bio-materials • Drug delivery • Energy and industrial • Solar / Fuel Cells • Lighting • Coating and powders • Paint • Textiles • Devices and microelectronics • Sensors • Microprocessors / memory and storage

6. •It is the medical application of nanotechnology. •It`s defined as the repair, construction and control of human biological systems using devices built upon nanotechnology standards. Nanomedicine

7. DRUG DELIVERY:-is the method or process of administering pharmaceutical compound to achieve a therapeutic effect in humans or animals.

8. TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY: Delivering a drug to a specificsite in the body where it has the greatest effect, instead of allowing it to diffuse to various sites, where it may causedamage or triggerside effects. CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY- is one which delivers the drug at a predetermined rate , for locally or systematiclly , for specified period of time .

9. Methods of Drug Delivery Dept. of Pharmaceutics

10. Classical drug delivery For most of the pharmaceutical industries existence, drug delivery induced simple, fast-acting responses via oral or injection delivery routes Problems associated with this approach • Reduced potencies because of partial degradation • Toxic levels of administration • Increase costs associated with excess dosing • Compliance issue due to administration pain

11. What and Why • Nanoparticle – any particle that is sized between 1 to 100 nanometers (in terms of diameter) • The use of nanoparticles allows one to change the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug without changing the active compound

12. Advantges of nanoparticles in drug delivery: Large surface-to-volume ratio resulting enhanced interaction sites Surface functionalization for targeting Suitable encapsulation Release drugs in controlled manner More efficient uptake by cells

13. Types of Nanoparticles • Liposomes • Nanopowders • Micelle • Polymeric nanoparticles • Dendrimers • Fullerenes • Metal nanoparticles • Magnetic nanoparticles • Biological nanoparticles

14. Liposomes • a self-closing spherical particle that is composed of natural or synthetic amphiphilic lipid molecules • -microscopic spherical vesicles that form when phospholipids are hydrated.

15. METHODS OF DRUG LOADING:1.Passive loading -these methods involve the loading of entrapped agents before or during the manufacturing procedure. 2.Active loading -some of the compounds with ionizable groups, and water solubility can be introduced into the liposomes after the formation of intact vesicles.-

16. What is doxorubicin liposomal (Doxil)? Doxorubicin liposomal is a cancer (antineoplastic) medication. Doxorubicin liposomal interferes with the growth of cancer cells and slows their growth and spread in the body. Doxorubicin liposomal is used to treat metastaticovarian cancerand AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma.

17. Doxil is the drug doxorubicin HCl encapsulated in an antibody linked PEGylated liposome • Composed of multiple monoclonal antibodies to target cancer cells • PEG (polyethylene glycol) makes the liposome less vulnerable to immune system • Lipid composition: mainly diastearoylphospatidylcholine and cholesterol - increases liposomal rigidity

18. PEGylation, by increasing the molecular weight of a molecule, can impart several significant pharmacological advantages over the unmodified form, such as: Improved drug solubility Reduced dosage frequency, without diminished efficacy with potentially reduced toxicity Extended circulating life Increased drug stability Enhanced protection from proteolytic degradation

19. Doxil works through passing through fenestrations in the vasculature and concentrating at tumor sites - Leads to reduced accumulation in other tissues • Able to deliver the drug at moderate concentrations over a longer period of time • Half life: 54 hours • Result: An anticancer drug that is delivered more effectively - decreased side effects and dosage • Doxil acts by the intercalation of DNA

20. Nanopowder Dept. of Pharmaceutics

21. Nanopowders: • Nanopowders are powders composed of nanoparticles, that is particles having an average diameter below 50 nanometers (nm). • Such compounds have two or more different cations (positively charged elements) in their chemical formula. An example of a complex compound is calcium titanate (CaTiO3). Dept. of Pharmaceutics

22. Micelle • Micelle is an aggregate of amphipathic molecules in water, with the nonpolar portions in the interior and the polar portions at the exterior surface, exposed to water. • Hydrophobic drugs can be encapsulated, into inner core. Dept. of Pharmaceutics

24. Dendrimers:well_defined ,highly branched,three dimensional macro molecules with a large number of functional groups.

26. Polymeric Nanoparticles • Nanoparticles synthesized from polymers

27. Entrapment or Encapsulation • During the 1970, scientists first began to encapsulate and entrap drugs within polymers • Encapsulation involves surrounding drug molecules with a solid polymer shell • Entrapment involves the suspension of drug molecules within a polymer matrix. drug polymer Drug Polymer

28. Drug release by diffusion • Early encapsulation and entrapment systems released the drug from within the polymer via molecular diffusion • When the polymer absorbs water it swells in size • Swelling created voids throughout the interior polymer • Smaller molecule drugs can escape via the voids at a known rate controlled by molecular diffusion (a function of temperature and drug size) Add time Add water

29. Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes • Type I diabetes – autoimmune disorder that results in destruction of insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas - treatment includes insulin therapy • The polymer will hopefully be able to provide the correct amount of insulin, regardless of blood sugar levels

30. Nanoshells • Developed by Drs. Naomi Halas and Jennifer West – Rice University 1994 • Nanoshells have a core of silica and a metallic outer layer. These nanoshells can be injected safely, as demonstrated in animal models. • Because of their size, nanoshells will preferentially concentrate in cancer lesion sites. This physical selectivity occurs through a phenomenon called enhanced permeation retention (EPR). • Can further decorate the nanoshells to carry molecular conjugates to the antigens that are expressed on the cancer cells themselves or in the tumor microenvironment. This second degree of specificity preferentially links the nanoshells to the tumor and not to neighboring healthy cells. http://singularityhub.com/2009/12/14/nih-guides-nanomedicine-towards-killing-cancer/

31. Nanoshells http://blogs.chron.com/sciguy/archives/2008/07/at_long_last_na.html

32. Carbon 60 Dept. of Pharmaceutics

33. Carbon 60 • C60 are spherical molecules about 1nm in diameter, comprising 60 carbon atoms arranged as 20 hexagons and 12 pentagons: the configuration of a football. • Hence they find application as NanoPharmaceuticals with large drug payload in their cage like structure. • On the other hand with development of various chemical substitutes for C60, it is possible to develop functionalized C60 with better drug targeting properties Dept. of Pharmaceutics

35. Carbon Nanotube • Carbon nanotubes are adept at entering the nuclei of cells and may one day be used to deliver drugs and vaccines. • The modified nanotubes have so far only been used to ferry a small peptide into the nuclei of fibroblast cells. • But the researchers are hopeful that the technique may one day form the basis for new anti-cancer treatments, gene therapies and vaccines. Dept. of Pharmaceutics

36. Gold nanoparticles -carboplatin

37. Iron oxide nanoparticles-human serum albumin-doxorubicin

38. Viral vectors • Viruses have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner. • Scientist are attempting to take advantage of natures delivery system. • Viruses would be genetically altered to carry the desired normal gene and turn off the natural occurring disease within the virus. [Video from www.biosciednet.org/portal]

39. Mechanism of action:

40. TRANSDERMAL PATCHES:-Drug which passively diffuses through the skin. Advantages:1)No pain2)No missing of dose3)continuous drug delivery

41. ImplantableDrug Delivery Delivery rate may be externally controlled or osmotically or peristaltically controlled with the aid of transcutaneous monitoring.

42. Nanobot in medicine • early diagnosis and targeted drug delivery for cancer, biomedical instrumentation, surgery, monitoring of diabetes, and health care • employ nanobots injected into the patient to perform treatment on a cellular level • improve the presence of drug molecules where they are needed in the body and where they will do the most good

43. Conclusion • The development of particles that are nanoscaled has created great opportunities in the development of improved drug delivery systems.

45. Works Cited • http://www.eperc.mcw.edu/fastFact/ff_135.htm • žhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/ • žhttp://www.weizmann.ac.il/ICS/booklet/1/pdf/copaxon.pdf • žhttp://www.rxlist.com/pegasys-drug.htm • http://www.rsc.org/delivery/_ArticleLinking/DisplayArticleForFree.cfm?doi=b900374f&JournalCode=CC • http://www.unisa.edu.au/iwri/futurestudents/phdprojects/interfacialpropertiesofdendrimers.asp • Zhang, L. "Nanoparticles in Medicine." Translational Medicine. • Patel, Priyal. "Nanotechnology." Drug Delivery Technology. • Patel, Priyal. “Nanoparticles in cancer research: a novel drug delivery&pharmacologicalapproach” Drug Delivery Technology. • Murry, R.“Clinicalpharmacology of encapsulated sustained-release cytarabine” The Annals of pharmacotherapy. • Massing, U.“Cancertherapy with liposomal formulations of anticancer drugs”. International journal of clinical pharmacology, therapy, and toxicology. • Hashimoto, N. “An approach to cancer chemotherapy by application of monoclonal antibody-modified liposomesInternational congress series”. International congress series.