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Ans: (b)

Given the importance of registers, what is the rate of increase in the number of registers in a chip over time? Very fast: They increase as fast as Moore’s law Very slow: They only increase as the instruction set changes. Ans: (b)

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Ans: (b)

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  1. Given the importance of registers, what is the rate of increase in the number of registers in a chip over time? • Very fast: They increase as fast as Moore’s law • Very slow: They only increase as the instruction set changes Ans: (b) • Moore’s law projects the doubling of transistors every couple of years and has nothing to do with registers. • The number of registers will change only if instruction set architecture is changed. Because machine code has only 5 bits to represent each register, so it would require a substantial change (a new ISA)

  2. 2. Define the R-format instruction: • What are the various fields? • What is the basic lay-out? • What does each field represent? • Are all of the bits used / needed for each field? • Given an example of an R-format instruction in MIPS assembler and the corresponding machine code Fields • Op-code: operation code • Rs, Rt: source registers • Rd: destination register • SA: shift amount • Funct-code: function specifier Example: add r1, r2, r0 000000 00010 00000 00001 00000 100000

  3. 3. Define the I-format instruction: • What are the various fields? • What is the basic lay-out? • What does each field represent? • Why this instruction format needed as opposed to the R-format? • Give an example of an I-format instruction in MIPS assembler and the corresponding machine code Fields • Op-code: operation code • Rs: source register • Rt: destination register • Immediate: 2’s complement constant Example: addi r1, r2, 1 001000 00010 00001 0000000000000001

  4. 4. What is the range of addresses for conditional branches in the MIPS ISA?

  5. 5. Answer the following questions as true or false: • The beq instruction always modifies the program counter register • The add instruction does not modify the PC • The jal instruction always modifies the PC • The instruction beq r1,r2,1 will advance the PC by one byte if [r1]=[r2] • The instruction beq r1,r2,1 will advance the PC by one word if [r1]=[r2] Ans: • T. PC = PC+4 even if r1 <> r2 • F. PC = PC+4 • T. Unconditional branch • F. PC = PC+4 + 4 x 1 • F. PC = PC+4 + 4 x 1

  6. 6. Find the shortest sequence of core MIPS instruction to determine the absolute value of a two’s complement integer. Please the result into r3. There are several possible answers to this question. However, in general, all involve the following two steps: • Convert the number to a positive value if it is negative, which can be done by multiplication, xor, nor, etc… • Move the value to r3

  7. Cin Sum a b half adder Cout 7. Write out the truth table, the logic equation and draw the gates for the Sum bit of a 1-bit adder Sum bit is 1 if an odd number of the three inputs 1 →XOR the three inputs

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