America’s Beginnings

1. America’s Beginnings Part I Europeans Establish Colonies

2. England & It’s Religious Stirring • Elizabeth I – pushes Protestantism • Sir Francis Drake • Spain hates him – nicknamed “The Dragon” • Pirate (attacks Spanish ships) – 2nd to go around the world • Lots of money from looting (couldn’t get him) • Drake leader who defeats the Spanish Armada 1588 – • Naval dominance over North Atlantic – PIVOTAL • Depression in England – “Surplus population” to Americas - - economic unsettled times in England

3. The London Company • King James I (successor to Elizabeth) – was Scottish – not popular – hated Puritans • Charter in 1606 (joint stock company) • Goal – make money • First settlers – came for profit

4. Reasons for Colonization: 1 Individual settlers wanted . . . • land for farming • religious freedom or escape from other persecution • financialrelief

5. Jamestown 2 • established in 1607 • named for King James I of England • the first permanentEnglish settlement • marked the beginning of the colony of Virginia

6. Jamestown problems • Mosquito infested – disease • Bad land for farming • Looking for gold - - - - no gold • What’s the cash crop??? Tobacco (later)

7. Captain John Smith 1608 • Jamestown – communal lifestyle • Smith’s main rule - - - - “He who doesn’t work, doesn’t eat.” • Jamestown about to fail – a vessel with women arrive (men aren’t too fussy) • Pocahontas saves John Smith (or does she?

8. Jamestown – The Starving Time1609 - 1610 • After the first year only 38 of the original 144 had survived • Food was in such short supply that graves were robbed and corpses eaten. One colonist murdered his wife and feasted on her flesh. • In an effort to restore discipline to the community, two men who were caught stealing food from the common storehouse were tied to posts and left to starve.

9. III. Culture Clash • Lord De La Warr arrives • British soldier • “Irish Tactics” raiding Indian villages – burning them and taking crops – cruel but effective • Anglo-Powhattan War • 1st 1610-14 – English won • 2nd 1622 – English won • Indians are “pushed” out

10. IV. A Crop Saves Jamestown • Tobacco – cash crop – to England & sold • Exhausted the soil (and the laborers) • John Rolfe • Introduced tobacco • Married Pocahontas • Took her to England (she died) • Powhattan – let’s mourn together – a “set up”

12. IV. A Crop Saves Jamestown • Indentured Servants • The Head Right system – servant’s way is paid in exchange for room and board they work 3-5 years – People who paid the way were given 50 acres of land • (who really benefits???) • By 1700 Chesapeake planters brought over 100,000 indentured servants to the region

13. House of Burgesses • Set up in 1619 (same year the first slaves arrived/Dutch) • First representative body in the “future” U.S. • 22 wealthy land owners gathered and discussed issues important to them • (1st families of Virginia – Fitzhugh/Lee/ Washington) Charter is revoked 1624 – Jamestown is bankrupt James I appoints Governor William Berkley

14. Governor William Berkley • Social Unrest • Ex-indentured servants are up in arms • Indians are attacking (Berkley isn’t protecting) Chesapeake colonies Virginia & Maryland Slow growth – lack of families (mostly single men)

15. V. Bacon’s Rebellion • Berkley has been governor for 30 years • Many freed men were frustrated – wanted land (and wives) • 29 year old Nathaniel Bacon – 1676 – organizes frontiersmen – demands protection from Indians • The rebels attack Indians – then Jamestown, burning it and forcing Berkley out

16. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYsTpYfAeZU • Note – the date for Bacon’s Rebellion is 1676

17. V. Bacon’s Rebellion • Chaos – “a rabble of the basest sort of people” plunder and pilfer . . . • Bacon catches a deadly disease (dysentery) – Berkely crushes the rebellion (executes over 20 rebels) • Planters look for less rebellious labor . . .

18. Quick - - - - • Can you name the original 13 colonies?

19. The 13 British Colonies

20. The 13 colonies can be divided into 3 regions based on differences in: • Geography& resources • Climate • Economy • Social or religious structure

21. New England Colonies Massachusetts Connecticut Rhode Island New Hampshire continued

22. New England Colonies

23. New England Colonies • Colder climate • Rockier soil, but farming is still possible • Abundant forests and access to water continued

24. The New England Region

25. New England Primarily Puritan John Calvin (French Theologian) English/Puritans French/Huguenots Iconoclasm; Simplicity (no statues/images)

26. New England - Puritans Strong work ethic Long sermons – jeremaid from Jeremiah – “fire and brimstone” Read from the Bible Predestination (God already knows) - Visible Saints – Separatists – persecuted – to Holland then to new world - Pilgrims

27. New England - Pilgrims From Holland – head to Virginia (religious persecution) 1620 – Plymouth colony (Massachusetts) founded (on the Mayflower) Mayflower Compact – majority rules – 41 male separatists sign out of the 102 passengers 1620-1621 – terrible winter – Wompanoag Indians – 1st Thanksgiving 1621 William Bradford – Governor – elected 30 times – well loved

28. New England – Massachusetts Bay 1630 1,000 – by 1640 20,000 “Great Migration” John Winthrop – Governor 19 years “A city on a hill” – God would approve Fishing & shipbuilding All freemen could vote Congregationalist church – supported by taxes (Quakers are expelled from Mass. Bay)

29. Roger Williams • Wantedreligious tolerancefor all Christians – not just Puritans • FoundedRhode Island Anne Hutchinson Banished – Antinomian Controversy (against the law)

30. Connecticut • Founded 5 years after Mass. Bay • 1st Constitution • Sunday prohibition laws – Blue laws

31. Middle Colonies 7 • New York • New Jersey • Pennsylvania • Delaware continued

32. Middle Colonies

33. Middle Colonies • Diversity of people • Diversity of economic activity

34. The Middle Region

35. William Penn founded Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers

36. William Penn

37. Southern Colonies • Maryland • Virginia • the Carolinas • Georgia continued

38. Southern Colonies

39. Southern Colonies • fertile farmland • warm • flat • rainy • access to water

40. The Southern Region

41. James Oglethorpe Started the colony of Georgia as a refuge for debtors who had been imprisoned in England

42. Columbian Exchange • Transatlantic trade through which Europeans exchanged food, goods, technologies and culture with the people of the Americas • Europeans profited economically • Native Americans suffered disease and destruction of their culture

43. Triangular Trade Colonial trade system in the 1700’s between • American Colonies • Africa • Europe continued

44. Triangular Trade • Merchants sent cloth from England to the Caribbean. continued

45. Triangular Trade • Merchants in the Caribbean shipped sugar to New England where it was turned into rum. continued

46. Triangular Trade • The rum was shipped to Africa and traded for slaves. continued

47. Triangular Trade • The slaves were shipped to the Americas and sold.

48. Triangular Trade

49. Video: Triangular Slave Trade https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R1BYZRn4Lgc 2:24

50. Middle Passage • Voyage of slaves brought from Africa to the Americas • Took between 1 and 3 months • Suffered miserable, inhuman conditions