Human Dimensions in an Integrated Framework

1. Human Dimensions in an Integrated Framework Andrew Raedeke Missouri Department of Conservation Dale Humburg Ducks Unlimited, Inc.

2. Human Dimensions: The Third Leg of the Stool

3. Questions: • Is the institution of waterfowl management poised to keep pace with the changing social and ecological landscape? • Can we continue to manage waterfowl without explicitly addressing human dimensions considerations? • How can we incorporate hunters and hunting into waterfowl and habitat management?

4. Question 1 Is the institution of waterfowl management poised to keep pace with the changing social and ecological landscape?

5. Evolution of Waterfowl Management in a Changing Social Landscape Experience of Nature Public Discourse Society 1900 1930 1950 1970 1980 1990 2000

6. Flyways – 1950s Humans and Habitat: “Our waterfowl are caught in the jaws of a vice. On the one hand – the growing demands of an ever-increasing human population. On the other, a steady shrinkage of the wetland habitats which control waterfowl supply.” (Mississippi Flyway Council 1958). Populations and Distribution: “… to build and maintain a widely distributed population of waterfowl at a level sufficiently high that both hunters and non-hunters can utilize and enjoy this outdoor resource now and in the future” (Mississippi Flyway Council 1958). Populations and Hunters: “… more pleasure per bird rather than more birds per hunter.” (Mississippi Flyway Council 1958).

7. The Social Landscape - Flyways From horses to tractors

8. NAWMP – 1980s A linkage to hunters: “Meeting these goals would provide the opportunity for 2.2 million hunters in Canada and the United States to harvest 20 million ducks annually.” NAWMP, 1986 Linking hunters to habitat: “When duck or goose hunting no longer provides a viable recreation opportunity, these areas will not be maintained.” Jack Grieb, 1985

9. The Social Landscape - NAWMP From tractors to hard drives

10. We live in a different world! • Information Revolution • Global Society • Shift from production to consumption-based landscape • Distance no longer an obstacle

11. Linking Habitat and Population Management • Are more direct organizational connections needed between Joint Ventures and Flyways? • Are more explicit connections needed between population and habitat management decisions? • What will be the most effective allocation of staff and budget resources for harvest and habitat management?

12. Question 2 Can we continue to manage waterfowl without explicitly addressing human dimensions considerations?

13. Duck Stamp Sales, 1934-2007 -40%

14. Projected Hunter Numbers Using 1999-2006 Rate of Loss ½ the hunters in 19 years? If we have half the hunters, just how much habitat and what size duck population will we need?

15. Waterfowl Management in the Absence of Hunting

16. “Targets” “Sustainability” Hunters Objectives met through game preserves Objectives met through climate change legislation Populations Habitat More Habitat = More Ducks Future role of populations, habitat, and hunters?

17. Who will provide the support for waterfowl management? Habitat Challenges Weakened Reg’s. Loss of CRP Hypoxia Climate Change Water Quality Water Scarcity Types of Support Political capital Social capital Economic Capital Cultural Capital Population Challenges Waterfowl vs. other species Balance among species

18. Question 3 How do we incorporate hunters and hunting into waterfowl and habitat management?

19. Hunter Participation Can we more effectively accommodate hunters through habitat and population management? How should we address factors beyond habitat and population management?

20. Distribution of “Satisfaction Days” Accommodate 5,000 Hunter Satisfaction Days 1,000 1000 hunters x 5 days 500 hunters x 10 days Hunter Numbers 500 250 hunters x 20 days 0 5 20 10 Days per Hunter

21. Regional Differences in Hunter Carrying Capacity

22. Carrying capacity for ducks and hunters Habitat Acquisition Manage Hunter Distribution Hunter Numbers K Hunter Recruitment Habitat & Duck Numbers

23. Harvest, Habitat, and People • What are the impacts of harvest regulations on hunter distribution, participation, and satisfaction? • What are the impacts of habitat management on hunter distribution, participation, and satisfaction?

24. NAWMP JV’s AHM Flyways Sustain waterfowl populations Social factors Sustain ecosystemprocesses Sustain hunterparticipation

25. A National Hunter Participation Plan A model-based plan A coordinated, “stepped-up” systems approach

26. A National Hunter Participation Plan Objectives Model Actions Monitoring

27. Which of the following would you prefer for a hunter participation objective? Don’t worry about hunter numbers Stabilize hunter numbers Increase by 10% Increase to 1970s levels None of the above

28. (Turning Point Question) • Which of the following would you prefer for a hunter participation objective? • Focus on habitat and populations and don’t worry about hunter numbers • Stabilize hunter numbers within 10 years • Increase hunter numbers by 10% within 10 years • Increase hunter numbers to 1970s levels within 10 years • None of the above

29. Hunter Participation Model • Human Dimensions Working Group • Hunter Participation Model • Decisions (social psychology) • Identity (anthropology) • Capacity (sociology) Temporal Scale

30. Hunter Participation Model Building Capacity Identity Production Individual Society Decision to Hunt Temporal Scale

31. Shift attention away from “silver bullet” strategies to model-based strategies Model Strategies Reduce constraints, negotiate constraints, match motivations Long-term mentor/apprentice relationships Strengthen the waterfowl hunting community Decisions Identity Capacity

32. Strategies/decisions based on participatory methods Avoids “like me” strategies and decisions based on “My hunters want” or “Our Joint Venture Partners” want…….

33. Percent indicating waterfowl hunting is their most important recreational activity?

34. Differences Across Generations Baby Boomers 1946-64 Leave it to Beaver Vietnam Space Race Watergate Live to work Matures Before 1946 Amos & Andy Depression WW II Rationing Dedicated to job Generation X 1965-80 Brady Bunch Latch key kids Roe v Wade Berlin Wall Work to live Millennials 1981-2k Simpsons World Trade Center Internet Live in moment Information from: Missouri Training Institute College of Business 304 Cornell Hall University of Missouri

35. Avoid “one size fits all” strategies.

37. Hunter Status Photo Credit: Glenn Chambers Habitat Status

38. Evolution of Institutions NAWMPJVs SRCFlyways ? Sustain waterfowl populations Decisions Sustain ecosystemprocesses Sustain hunterparticipation Identity Capacity

39. Integrated Framework