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NUCLEAR ENERGY PRESENT AND PROSPECTS

NUCLEAR ENERGY PRESENT AND PROSPECTS. JEAN - CHARLES ABBE Directeur de Recherche CNRS jcabbe@free.fr. Number of reactors operated for electricity production. Civil nuclear reactors in the world. LITUANIE. 80%. FRANCE. 70%. BELGIQUE. 60%. 50%. SUISSE. JAPON. 40%. ALLEMAGNE. 30%.

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NUCLEAR ENERGY PRESENT AND PROSPECTS

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  1. NUCLEAR ENERGY PRESENT AND PROSPECTS JEAN - CHARLES ABBE Directeur de Recherche CNRS jcabbe@free.fr

  2. Number of reactors operated for electricity production

  3. Civil nuclear reactors in the world

  4. LITUANIE 80% FRANCE 70% BELGIQUE 60% 50% SUISSE JAPON 40% ALLEMAGNE 30% USA 20% RUSSIE 10% ITALIE 0% Percentage of nuclear electricity

  5. Nuclear electricity / Total electricity : 16 %

  6. The future of (nuclear) energy : a multiparameter problem • GEO-POLITICAL • POLITICAL • ENVIRONNEMENTAL • TECHNICAL • ECONOMICAL • HUMANITAIRIAN

  7. GEO POLITICAL : supplying safety • Rarefaction of fossil fuels • Concentration of the production of fossil fuels in a few countries • Uranium well distributed over the world • Increasing energy demand : demography, way of life

  8. GEO POLITICAL : supplyng safety

  9. GEO POLITICAL : increasing population and urbanisation

  10. Increasing energy needs with development

  11. POLITICAL • Level of (energy) dependence the country accepts ? • Concern towards environmental problems ? • Concern towards a sustainable development ? Energetic independence vs years

  12. TECHNICAL • Technologies are safe and under perfect control • New types of reactor are in project, safer, with better yields and less wastes (EPR reactor, hybrid reactors, ..) • Better knowledge of the behaviour of wastes, both in the matrices (concrete, glass) and in the environment

  13. ENVIRONMENTAL : greenhouse effect

  14. Combustible 1.5 million de tonnes 1 000 MW négligeable Déchets solides 2.4 milliards m3 Gaz carbonique 3 milliards m3 91 000 tonnes 41 000 tonnes 2.3 millions de tonnes 27 tonnes. Oxygène 3.4 milliards m3 4.2 milliards m3 0 Eau refroidissement 720 millions m3 950 millions m3 1 100 millions m3 Rejets thermiques Eau refroidissement : 8 milliards de kWh Eau refroidissement : 4 mlliards de kWh Cheminée : 2.4 milliards de kWh Cheminée : 2.5 milliards de kWh Eau de refroidissement + cheminée : 12.3 milliards de kWh 4.107 Bq Activité 4.109 Bq 4.1014 Bq 250 000 tonnes Déchets haute activité : 14 m3 0 Soufre (SO2) 0 3.1 millions m3 Oxyde azote (NO2) 9.6 millions m3 0 fuel Charbon Nucléaire

  15. PRODUCTION of CO2

  16. EMISSION of CO2, PIB and POPULATION

  17. What to do with the spent fuels ? Countries with reprocessing facilities (France, Great-Britain, Japan, Russia, China) Countries without national facilities, sending the spent fuels for reprocessing in foreign countries (Germany, Nederland, Switzerland, Belgium) Countries in which the problem is under discussion (Spain, South Corea, Taïwan) Countries storing the spent fuels (USA, Sweden, Finland)

  18. Objectives of the reprocessing Waste volume reduction Risk reduction by sorting the wastes Recovering of the non spent fuel Recovering of Pu for safety reasons and for MOX production

  19. Total volume of wastes produced in France in 2000

  20. Surface storage of short lived radionuclide

  21. Underground storage facility

  22. Fossil Coal Nuclear 79% 64% 32% FUEL 19% 13% 8% EXPLOITATION 13% 23% 49% INVESTMENT ECONOMICAL : KWh cost depending on the mode of production

  23. NUCLEAR ENERGY : overall balance ADVANTAGES • Technologies safe and under perfect control • Uranium abundant and well distributed over the world • No rejects of green house gases DRAWBACKS • Management and future of nuclear wastes • Nuclear reactors are big installations, not suitable to be dissiminated as small units

  24. CONCLUSIONS • OBJECTIVE • The energetic needs will increase all over the world (water purification) while a shortage of fossil energies is foreseen • The environnemental stakes are crucial. - Multiple and interconnected factors - No miraculous solutions - Major political and courageous decisions are necessary - Most serious and worrying problem

  25. CONCLUSIONS • SUBJECTIVE - Renewable energies are to be developed but they cannot face the demand in terms of quantities and of power ; energy storage is a major concern. • Energy economies are to be encouraged at all stages and better considered in urbanism, transportation, architecture, etc… within the general concern of sustainability but they will only slow down the increase. • Fossil energies should be kept available to specific needs and to less developed countries (humanitarian parameter) - The development of nuclear energy appears as a necessity nowadays to face the demand but it must be kept under severe, both internal and international, control

  26. FUSION : ITER INTERNATIONAL THERMONUCLEAR EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR

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