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English Phonetics

2. ? 3? ?????(English Phonetics) ???(phonetics) ?? ??? ???(speech sound)? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??, ??, ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ???, ???, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?????? ??? ?? ???(articulatory phonetics)? ?? ???(acoustic phonetics)? ?? ???(auditory phonetics). 3. 1. ???? ??????(organs

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English Phonetics

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    1. 1 English Phonetics ?????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??(??, ???, ??, ?? ?)

    2. 2 ? 3? ?????(English Phonetics) ???(phonetics) ?? ??? ???(speech sound)? ????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??, ??, ????? ???? ??? ??? ?? ? ???? ??? ???, ???, ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? ???? ?? ? ?? ???(articulatory phonetics) ? ?? ???(acoustic phonetics) ? ?? ???(auditory phonetics)

    3. 3 1. ???? ?? ????(organs of articulation) : ??(vocal cords)? ?? ?? ???(pharyngeal cavity), ??(oral cavity), ??(nasal cavity) ? ? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ? ??•??•????(G.J. Boden and K. S. Harris, 1980 : 65)

    4. 4 1.1. ???? - ?? ???? ??•?? ????? ??? ???? ???. ???? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? ???? ???. ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ???(pulmonic sounds)?? ?. ? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? (egressives)???? ?. ?? ?? ???? (pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism)? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ??

    5. 5 ??? (implosives)?? ? ?? ?? (clicks)? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? (ingressives)???? ?. ???? ???? (glottalic ingressive airstream mechanism)? ??? (implosives)??? ????, ??, ????? ?? ??. ?? ?? ???? (Velaric ingressive airstream mechanism)? ? ?? ??(clicks)?? ???(Bantu)? ??.

    6. 6 1.2. ???? ??? ??? - ??? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???- ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?? ?? (2) ??? ??? ??(P. Ladefoged, 1982: 128)

    7. 7 ???? ??, ??? ??? ??? ->big/pig, vine/fine, din/tin, zeal /seal ? ?? ?? ?? ?,??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ???? ->???[+Voiced], ???[-Voiced]

    8. 8 1.3 ???? ??? (3) Vocal tract ???(palate)? ???(hard palate)? ???(soft palate)? ?? ??? (nasal sounds) – ???? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ? [+Nasal]? ??? /m/,/n/,/?/?? ??? ??? (oral sounds) ???? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ???? ? [-Nasal]? ??? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???

    9. 9 1.4 ??? ?? ??(consonants) - ??? ???? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ?? - ??? [+Consonantal]?, ??? [-Consonantal]? ??? ???. ??(vowels) – ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? [+Syllabic]?, ??? [- Syllabic]? ??? ???

    10. 10 ???(semivowels) ?? ??(glides)-> /w/,/y/ ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? [-Consonantal]? [- Syllabic]? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ??(/l/, /r/)? ?? (/m/,/n/,/?/) ? ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??? ? ? ?? ?? [+Consonantal]? [+ Syllabic]? ??? ???.

    11. 11 (4) ???? ?????

    12. 12 ??? ??? ?? -??? ?? ?? [Consonantal]? [Syllabic]? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ?? ???

    13. 13 2. ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ?? ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ???(point of articulation)? ?? ?? ??? ??

    14. 14 2.1 ??? (6) ????? ??

    15. 15 2.1.1. ???? ??? ? ???(bilabials) : /p/, /b/, /m/, /w/ ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? ? ??? (labiodentals) : /f/, /v/ ??? ????? ??? ? ???? ???? ?? ? ???(interdentals) : /?/, /ð/ ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ???? ???? ?? ? ???(alveolars) : /t/, /d/, /s/, /z/, /n/, /l/, /r/ ??? ??? ?? ?? ??

    16. 16 ? ??? ???(alveopalatal) : ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ? ????(palatal) : /y/ ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ? ????(velars) : /k/, /g/, /?/ ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ? ???(glottal) : /h/ ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??

    17. 17 2.1.2 ???? ??? ???? ??(N. Chomsky and M. Halle) “???? ??(The Sound Pattern of English,1968)”? ??? ????? ??? ???? ??? 8???? ???? ???? ? ??, ? [Anterior]? [Coronal]? ??? ?? ??? -?? ?? ???? ??? ??(the body of tongue)? /e/? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???.

    18. 18 (7) ???? ???? ????(N. Chomsky and M. Halle, 1968) [+Anterior] - ??? ??? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? - ???,???, ???, ???? ??? ???. [-Anterior] - ??? ??? ???? ? ???? ?? ?? - ??? ???, ????, ????, ???

    19. 19 (7) ???? ???? ????(N. Chomsky and M. Halle, 1968) [+Coronal] ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????? ?? ???, ???, ??? ??? [-Coronal] ??? ??? ????? ?? ???, ???, ????

    20. 20 ???: ???+??? ??: ???+??? ???: ??? ???+???? (8)

    21. 21

    22. 22 ? 4? ???: ???+??? ??: ???+??? ???: ??? ???+???? (18)

    23. 23 2.2. ???? 2.2.1. ???? ???? ? ???(plosives) -> ?? ??? /p, t, k/ ?? ??? /b, d, g/ : ?? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????, ?? ???(stops)???? ??. ? ???(fricatives) -> ?? ??? ?? ??? :? ????? ??(constriction)??? ? ?? ? ??? ??? ???  ????? ???? ?? ???? ????.

    24. 24   ? ???(affricates) -> ?? ??? ?? ???    : ?? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????. ? ??(??: nasals) -> /m, n, ?/    : ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???  ??? ??  ???? ?? ??  ????, ?? ???(sonorants)??.

    25. 25   ? ???(???: lateral) -> /l/    : ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ? ??? ??? ????  ?? ???? ???? ???? /l/? ??. ? ???(???: approximants) -> /y, w, r/    : ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ??? ? ?????? ??  ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ????? ????.

    26. 26 /l/, /r/ -> ??(liquids): ???? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? /r/ -> ???(retroflex sounds): ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? /r/? ?? ???(trill): ?? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ????? /r/? ???. ???(flap): ?? /r/? ????? ? ? ???? ???. /y/, /w/ -> ??(glides) ?? ???: ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ???.

    27. 27 2.2.2. ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????(noncontinuants)? ??? (+ continuants)?? ???? ??. - ????: ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ???? ?? ?? [-Continuant]? ?? ???, ???, ?? - ???: ??? ????? ???? ?? ?? [+ Continuant]? ?? ???, ??, ??

    28. 28 2.2.3. ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???(obstruents)? ???(sonorants)?? ????. - ???: ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? ?? [-Sonorant]? ?? ?? ???, ???, ??? - ???: ??? ???? ????? ??? ?? [+Sonorant]? ?? ??, ???, ??? ?

    29. 29 2.2.4. ??? ???(sibilants): ?? ??? ???? ?? ???(stridents): ???? ???? /f/, /v/? /?/, /ð/??? ?? ???? ? ???? ?? ??? ?. [+Sibilant]-> [+Strident] -> : ??? ???? ?? [-Strident] ?? ??

    30. 30 3. ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ???. ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??(pitch), ??(stress), ??(intonation) ?? ???. 3.1. ??? ?? ? ?? ??: ???, ???, ??? ? ???? ?? ??: ????, ????, ???? ? ??? ??: ????, ???? ? ????? ???: ????(??????? ??), ????

    31. 31 (11) ??? ?????

    32. 32 3.2 ??? ???? (12)

    33. 33 4. ???? (13)

    34. 34 (13)

    35. 35 (14)????? ?? ????

    36. 36 5. ???? ??? ??(suprasegmental phoneme) ?? ????(prosodic features) - ????? ?? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ??(stress)? ???(pitch), ??(intonation), ??(pause) ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? 5.1. ?? ??(syllable)? ???(sonority)? ??? ?? ? ??? ???? ?? ?? ? ??? ???? ???? ??, ?? ? ???? ?? ???? ? ? ?? ? ??, ??? ???? ?? ????? ????, ????? ???? ???? ?

    37. 37 (15) ???? ??

    38. 38 (17) ????(syllabic consonant) 5.2. ?? - ???(stress)? ? ??? ?? ???? ??? ???? ? - ??? ?? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???.

    39. 39 ??? ??

    40. 40 ???(main stress): ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???(content words)? ???? ??? ???(secondary stress): ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???(function words)?? ???? ??? (22) ???? ?? ??? - ??, ???, ???, ??, ???, ??? ???? ?? ??? - ??, ???, ???, ???, ?????, ?????

    41. 41 ????? ?? (23) 2 2 2 3 2 3 1 : ???? 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 :???? ??? Tristram left directions for Isolde to follow. -> ?? ?? ??? Tristram, left, directions, Isolde, follow? ????? ?? ?? ??, for? to? ????? ???? ?????, ?? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ?? follow?? ? 1??? ?? ? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? (24) ??? ??? 1 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 Redcoat(?? ??) red coat(?? ??) White House(???) white house(?? ?)

    42. 42 ? 4? ?? ???(English Phonology) ??? - ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? - ??? ??? ????, ? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? - ???? ????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ??

    43. 43 1. ??? ?? ??(phoneme): ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ???? ?) t ip/dip, chin/gin, sin/seen ?????(minimal pair): ? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ??? ???? ? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???

    44. 44 ??(allophone): ? ??? ??? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? /p/ , ?? [p] ??(aspiration) ????(unreleased) ????(unaspiration)

    45. 45 ??? ??(complementary distribution): ? ??? ???? ???? ??? ?? ???? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??. ?) ???? ?? ?? ??? bee? bead? /i/??? ???? ?. ??? ??? bean, beam, being? /i/ ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ???. (2)

    46. 46 ????(free variation) - ???? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?) cat : ??? /t/?? ???? [t?]?? ???? ??, ??? [t?]? ????? ?? ? ?? ???? ?? ??.

    47. 47 - ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????? ? ?) ? with : ??? ?? [wi?] ?? [wið]? ???. ??? /?/ ? /ð/? ????? ??. ???, ?? ?? ether-either, teeth-teethe, bath-bathe, mouth-mouth??? /?/? /ð/? ??? ?? ? economics: ? ??? /i/ ?? /e/? ???. ??? /i/? /e/? ????? ??. ???, beat[bit]? bet[bet]? ?? ?? ??? ???.

    48. 48 2. ??? ?? (3) ???? ??? ????                       l   (splash)                  p  r   (spread, stray, scream)       s       t     w  (squeeze,)                 k    y   (spew, stew, skew)

    49. 49 ???? ??? ????? ?? /pr-/, /tr-/, /kr-/, /pr-/, /kl-/? ?? ??, */tl-/? ??? /br-/, /dr-/, /gr-/, /br-/, /gl-/? ?? ??, */dl-/? ??? - ???? ‘??+???’? ??? */mb-/, */nd-/, */?g-/? ??? - ???? ? ??? ??? ???? ?) tempts, instincts, glimpsed ? ???, ?? ????? ? ? ?? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?? ?) sixth, cloths, clothes?? ???? ????? [siks], [kl?s], [klouz]? ???

    50. 50 ?? /k/, /b/, /l/, /? /? ??? ????? ???? ???? (4) - /b/, /g/, /k/, /p/ ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ? ???, /l/, /r/ ??? chill?? Jill?? /t?/, /d?/ ? ???? ??? ?? ?? ????? ?. ??? /t?at/, /t?on/, /d?æ/, /d?ot/? ????? */t?lit/, */d?purz/? ????.

    51. 51 ??? ??(accidental gap): ??? ???? ?? ??? ???? ?? ???? ??. - ???? [bl?k]?? ?? ??? *[bm?k]? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ?? ??? ???? ??.?? creck[krek], cruke[kruk], cruk[kr?k], crike[kra?k]? ??? ??? ??? - ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ??? ?? ? ‘??? ??’? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ? ??? ? ?? ???? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?) xik[xik]? Zhleet[?lit] ?? ??? ??? ??. ???? ???? /x/? ?? ????, /?/? ???? ???? ?? ??? ???.

    52. 52 3. ??? ?? 3.1. ??? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? - ???? ???: ??? ? ?? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ??. - ?????: ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??(distinctive features)? ????? ?? ??? ??.

    53. 53 ??? ??(distinctive feature) : ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??. ?) pin? bin? ???? ?? ?- ??? ??? ?? be? me? ???? ?? ?- ???? ??? ?? bid? bad? ???? ?? ?- ???? ??? ???, [?Voiced], [?Nasal], [?High]? ??? ??? ? ????(binary opposition) : ?? ?? ?? ??? ??? ? ??? ??? ??? ‘+’?, ??? ??? ‘-’? ?? ?? ?? ??.

    54. 54 ?? ??? ??? /p/, /b/, /m/ ? /i/, /u/, /æ /? ??? ?? (5) (6)

    55. 55 3. 2. ????? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??? ?? : ?? ?? ????? ???? ????? ???

    56. 56 ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? :?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ????? ???? ??

    57. 57 ????? ??? ??? V C V ? [+Nasal]/ ____________ [+Nasal] : ?? ?? (8)? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ???? ??? ? ??? ? ??? ???? (assimilation)? ? ???? ??? ?.

    58. 58 /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/ ? /y/? ??? ?? /?/, /?/, /t?/ /d?/? ??

    59. 59 ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ?? ????? ??? : ?? ??? /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/ ? ?? /y/? ??? ? ?? /?/, /? /, /t?/, /d?/? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? (12) [+Alveolar]? [+Alveopalatal] / _____ [+Palatal]

    60. 60 ?? (12)? ?? ? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ???. 2) ??? ?? /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/?? ??? /s/, /k/, /b/, /r/? /s/, /g/, /p/, /l/?? ?? ???? ??????? ?? [+Alveolar]?? ??? ??? ??. ?? ??? ? /?/, /?/, /t?/, /d?/ ? ??? ????? ??? [+Alveoplalatal]dml ??? ??? ??????? ?? ????. 3) ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? (palatalization) ??? ??? ?. ?, ?? ????? ?? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ??? ?.

    61. 61

    62. 62 ? 6? 3.3. ????? ?? ???(R. Jakobson) ? ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ????? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??? ??(M. Halle and G. Fant) ? ???? ??? ???(Preliminaries to Speech Analysis, 1952) ???? ?? (N. Chomsky and M. Halle, 1968) ? ????? ???(The Sound Pattern of English)

    63. 63 (13) ?? ??? ?? ???? ??

    64. 64 ????? ?? ?? - [Voiced], [Continuant], [Strident], [Nasal] (14) a. [+Voiced]: ?? ??, ?? ? ?? ??, ??, ??,               ??? ?? ???? /b/, /d/, /g/, /ð/, /z/, /?/, /?/         [-Voiced]: ?? ???? /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /?, /s/, /?/, /?/   b. [+Continuant]: ?? ??, ?? ? ???, ??, ??         [-Continuant]: ?? ? ???, ???, ??? ?? c. [+Strident]: /?/, /ð/? ??? ?? ???? ???,   ? /s/, /z/, /?/, /?/, /f/, /v/, /?/, /?/        [-Strident]: ? ??? ??   d. [+Nasal]: /m/, /n/, /?/         [-Nasal]: ? ??? ?? ??, ??? ?? ??, [Aspiration]: ??? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? [Nasal]: ????? ??????? ????? ???

    65. 65 ????? ??? ?? ?? – [Anterior], [Coronal], ?? - [Back], [High], [Low] (15) a. [+Anterior]: ???, ???, ???, ???            [-Anterior]: ??? ???, ???, ????, ???        b. [+Coronal]: ???, ???, ??? ???           [-Coronal]: ???, ???, ????        c. [+Back]: ???? /?/, /?/? ???? / u/, /U/, /o/, /?/, /?/           [-Back]: ???? /I/, /?/, /e/, /?/, /æ/        d. [+High]: ??? /I/, /?/, /u/, /U/           [-High]: ??? /e/, /?/, /?/, /o/, /?/? ??? /æ/, /a/        e. [+Low]: ??? /æ/, /a/           [-Low]: ???, ???

    66. 66 ??? ??- [Tense], [Round] (16) [+Tense]: /i/, /u/, /e/, /o/, /?/ [-Tense]: ? ??? ??, ?? ?? [+Round]: ???? ??? ???? ??? /u/, /U/, /o/, /?/ [-Round]: ? ??? ???

    67. 67 (17) ????? ?? ???? ?? [a. ?? ]

    68. 68 (17) ????? ?? ???? ?? [b. ??]

    69. 69 3.4. ????(natural class) ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??? ? ?? ??? ????. (18)       p               t                 k         +Consonantal +Consonantal +Consonantal           -Continuant   -Continuant   -Continuant             -Voiced        -Voiced         -Voiced                +Anterior       +Anterior     -Anterior            -Coronal     +Coronal       -Coronal    

    70. 70 (19)         m              n               ?            +Nasal   +Nasal   +Nasal              +Anterior   +Anterior -Anterior            -Coronal +Coronal -Coronal                        V             C   (20) a. V ?  [+Nasal]/ _____[+Nasal] V             C b. V ?  [+Nasal]/ _____ +Nasal +Anterior -Coronal 

    71. 71 3.5. ???? ?? ????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???. ?, ????? ??? ? ?? ??? ??? ???. (21) C C +Consonantal +Aspirated ? -Continuant -Voiced (22) ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? a. [+High] ? [-Low] b. [+Low] ? [-High] c. [-Back] ? [-Round] d. [+Round] ? +Back -Low

    72. 72 (23) 4. ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????. ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ?? ?? ? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??? ? ???? ??? ? ?? ????.

    73. 73 4.1. ???? ? ??? ?? ??? ???? ?? ????? ???? ? ? ?? ??, ? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? ??? ? ???? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??? ? ????? ?? ????(progressive assimilation) ????(regressive assimilation) ????(reciprocal assimilation)? ??

    74. 74 ???? (progressive assimilation) (24) up and at them [?p ?n æt ð?m] ? [?p n æt ð?m] ? [?p m æt ð?m] (25) happen[hæpm] (n?m) wagon [wæg?] (n??) bacon[bé?k?] (n? ?) ribbon [ríbm] (n?m)

    75. 75 ???? (regressive assimilation)    (26) /s/? /?/? ???? /?/?? ???? This shield [ðis ?ild] ? [ði? ?ild] (27) a. pancake [pæ?kè?k]  (n ? ?)   give me [g?mm?] (v ? m)      comfort [k??f?rt]  (m ? ?) pumpkin [p??k?n] (m ? ?)        grandpa [gæmp?]    (n ? m)        tenth    [t?n?]    (n ? n)      b. have to [hæf t?]       (v ? f)              dreadful [dr?tf?l]       (d ? t)             raspberry [r?zbr?]       (s ? z)             gooseberry [guzbr?]     (s ? z)

    76. 76 ???? (regressive assimilation) ??? ?? ? ???A, B? ?? ??? ??? A? B? ?? ? 3? ??? C? ??? ?? ????, C? A? B? ??? ? ?? ???? ????? ???? A? B? ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? (28) a. this young man /ð?s y?? mæn/  ?   /ð?? :?? mæn/ b. is your mother /iz yu?r m?ð?/  ? /i?:u?r m?ð?/ c. could you /kud yu/       ?      /ku?u]  d. can't you /kænt yu/ ?     /kæn?u/

    77. 77 4.2. ??(deletion) ?? ???? ? ??? ???? ??? ???, ?? ??? ? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ?? ?? ?. - ????? father, mother?? ??? /r/ - Grand father, landlord?? ??? /d/ - Christmas, mortgage, castle, epistle, often, bustle, mustn’t? ? /t/ (29) ????? ?? ??, /?/? /?/? ??

    78. 78 (30) a. ???? ?? ?? ??? ? ? blind man [bla?n_ mæn] sit down[s?_ daun] b. ?? ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ???? ???? ??? ? ? last chance[l?s_ t?æns] finished now [fin??_ nau] (31) ?? ?? ?? /g/? ? ? /g/? ????, ?? ?? ?? /b/? ? ? /b/? ?? a. sign [sa?_n]              signature [s?gn???r]       phlegm [fle_m]          phlegmatic [flegmætik]         paradigm [pær?da?_m]    paradigmatic [pær?d?gmæt?k]     b. bomb [b?m_]            bombardier [b?mb?di?r]

    79. 79 4.3. ????(dissimilation) ????? ?? ???? ? ?? ??? ??? ?? ? ? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?) diphthong ? ???/f/?/?/? ???? ??? ?? ??? /f/? ???? /p/? ???? /dip???/? ?? 4.4. ?? ????(epenthesis ?? anaptyxis) ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ??(addition)?? ?? ?) ????? ??? ?? ?? ??? /?/? ?? film[fil?m], cycle[sayk?l], spasm[spæz?m]

    80. 80 ????(excrescent) ???? ??? ? ?? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ??? (34)   a. something [s?mp?i?]    cream cups [krimp k?ps]           b. sense [sents]       tense [tents]          c. length [le?k?]          strength [stre?k?] (35) idea?of it, law?of Korea, America?and Europe , He saw?it. (36) take care?of here?and there as a matter ?of fact The door?opened. 4.5. ????(metathesis) ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ????? ? ??? ??? ???? ?? ask[æks] tragedy[træd?d??] relevant[rev?l?nt] animal[æmin?l] spaghetti[pusketti]

    81. 81 ????(spoonerism) ????? ? ?? ?? ? ??? ??? ??? ???? ?? ?? (38) Chomsky and Halle ? Homsky and Challe with this ring I thee wed ? with this wing I thee red peel my carrots ? keel my parrots 4.6. ??(neutralization) ?? ??? ??? ??? ????, ???? ? ?? ?? ?? ???? ? ?? ???? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ?1) writer ? rider ?? /t/? /d/? /D/(flap D)?? ??

    82. 82 ?2) ????? ?? - ??? ??? ???? ???? /?/(schwa-?)? ?? (40) A ???? B ????          [i] compéte       [?] competítion           [?] medícinal      [?] médicine           [e?] maintáin      [?] máintenance           [?] télegraph      [?] telégraphy           [æ] análysis       [?] analýtic           [?] sólid          [?] solídity           [ou] phóne       [?] phonétic           [u] Talmúdic      [?] Tálmud

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