Welcome!

1. Welcome!

2. Just Bugging Me! June 11, 2013 Dan Marzu, Agricultural Development Educator Kaitlyn Lance, Summer Horticulture Intern Educator Lincoln County UW-Extension

3. Animal and Insect Pests ( What to look for and how to control/prevent them)

4. Animals to Look out for • Squirrels and Chipmunks • They are fast learners and usually find what they are after • Switch up tactics, try putting baffles on fruit tree trunks and bird feeder poles.

5. Rabbits • Three ways of protecting and controlling rabbits • Targeted Coverage • Cover or wrap important plants with garden fabric • Use fencing or chicken wire to encircle the plants • Protect trees and other landscape plants in winter by loosely wrapping ¾” mesh fencing about a foot above the snow line and a few inches below soil surface. • Repellents • Are similar to deer repellants, you can buy commercial ones they are most useful though when applying to trees and other woody ornamental plants • Fencing • This is the best way of controlling rabbits • Make sure fence is partially in the grown this discourages burrowing.

6. Raccoons store food and water supplies in the house, that includes pet food as well. Repellants such as, blood meal, ammonia, moth balls can work to drive them off. Sounds and lights can be a useful tool but you should look into neighborhood and town’s regulations. Fences are effective as well If too much trouble trap and have DNR relocate it

7. Birds • Scare devices • Can be visual : Scare balloons that look like predators eyes, aluminum foil • Can be auditory : noisemakers, banging pots and pans etc. • Exclusion • Bird netting protects fruit and berries • 2-3 weeks before fruit matures.

8. Deer By planting pungent smelling/flavored plants and plants with hairy or furry leaves near where the deer are coming from will protect more desirable plants. Repellants such as bars of soap, bags of human or dog hair, or there are commercial deer repellants available in stores. ( have to keep reapplying) Fencing is most reliable

9. Bears • The best way to control bears is to prevent bears from wanting to wander in • Feed birds only when bears are hibernating (December-March) • Clean up all food scraps after picnics and outdoor parties -Keep chickens in a secure building at night • Bears are attracted to smells, so keep food and garbage inside safe places

10. Insects to watch out for in 2013 • Variegated cutworm • A climbing cutworm • Effects tomatoes, soybeans, alfalfa, potato • Hostas, petunias, and lots of other plants

11. Potato Leafhopper Photo’s curtsey of University of Wisconsin Garden Facts • Likes legumes-Lupine, Dahlia, as well as potato, strawberries, and alfalfa • Can create poor flower show in some marigolds • Damage it does is stunts the growth, browns leaves, and reduces vigor of the plant. • Symptoms include: brown triangular lesion on leaflet tips, this spreads and eventually destroys the leaf.

12. Aster Leafhopper Carries Aster yellow disease Goes after broad range of plants- vegetables, crops, flowers, and weeds. Aster yellow destroys the visual appeal of plants and their economic value Plants infected by aster yellow show signs of chlorosis and become stunted and twisted. The leafhopper when it feeds causes leaves to look wilted and mottled.

13. Spider mites • Effect: Pines, Spruce, Soybeans and some ornamentals. • Occur during abnormally dry to drought conditions • Drought of 2012 • Have needle-like mouthparts that extract contents of living cells. • Damage it does to plant: Chlorosis and wilting of leaves. Can eventually lead to death of plant.

14. Japanese Beetle They become active at the end of June-September 1 The grubs can be lawn/turf pests They feed on over 300 species of plants – from roses to raspberries. Damage usually appears in later summer and fall. Turf will appear droughty and will not respond to watering because of lack of roots. Control- Hand picking, chemical control, organic sprays, systemic chemicals

15. Spotted Winged Drosophila • Increasing problem • Attack healthy fruit by being able to lay their eggs • Cause severe damage to fruit crops • Fruit starts to deteriorate and eventually leads to the fruit collapse • They like soft skinned fruit such as raspberries, blueberries, strawberries, etc. • Control: Use traps to monitor and use insecticide when fruit is most susceptible.

16. Borers • Effect Oaks, Hickory, Pines, Cedars, Birch and Ash • Emerald Ash Borer – Has been an issue since 2002 • Detection of damage from Emerald Ash Borer is difficult until there is crown die back. • Evidence of infestation includes D-shaped exit holes on branches and the trunk. Callus tissue produced by the tree in response to larval feeding may cause vertical splits 5–10 cm in length to occur in the bark

17. Ants • Control • Find the nest- to kill the queen • Need to know what type of ant • Baiting can work if they take it • Different Ants cause different damage • Household Ants • Some can infest food, but generally are just a nuisance • Carpenter Ants • Weaken wood in the home’s structures • Field Ants • The mounds they make in fields are unsightly and will prevent turf grass from growing in some areas. Some species can kill herbaceous and woody plants that shade their mounds.

18. Sources LaLiberte, Kathy. "Keeping Animal Pests Out of Your Garden." Gardeners Supply. Gardner’s Supply Company, n.d. Web. 06 June 2013. Google Images "Deer Control in Gardens." West Virginia Ag Extension. West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Mar. 1999. Web. 07 June 2013. <http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/wildlife/deercont.PDF>. Rither, Skip. "Raccoons." University of Minnesota Extension. University of Minnesota, 2009. Web. 07 June 2013. Craven, Scott. "Controlling Woodpecker Damage." UW Extension. UW Extension, n.d. Web. 7 June 2013. <http://learningstore.uwex.edu/assets/pdfs/G3117.PDF>. Salmon, T. P., and W. P. Gorenzel. "How to Manage Pests." Rabbits Management Guidelines--UC IPM. UC Statewide IPM Program University of California, n.d. Web. 07 June 2013. <http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7447.html>. Frogge, Mary Jane. "University of Nebraska–Lincoln." Plants Deer Will Not Eat. University of Nebraska-Lincoln, n.d. Web. 07 June 2013. <http://lancaster.unl.edu/pest/resources/deerplants.shtml>. Cullen, Eileen M. "Spider Mites: A to Z." The University of Wisconsin Madison. The University of Wisconsin Madison, Jan. 2006. Web. 7 June 2013. <http://www.soils.wisc.edu/extension/wcmc/2006/ppt/Cullen2.pdf>. "Spotted Wing Drosophila." Spotted Wing Drosophila. University of Wisconsin Madison, n.d. Web. 07 June 2013. <http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/swd/resources "Spotted Winged Drosophila." Spotted Winged Drosophila. University of Wisconsin-Extension, Aug. 2012. Web. 7 June 2013. <http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/swd/files/2012/10/SWD-Update-August-2012.pdf>. Pellitteri, Phil. "Critters in 2013." N.p., 10 May 2013. Web. 7 June 2013

19. Dr. Brian Hudelson’s, UW Plant Pathology,Top Ten Diseases to Watch for in 2013

20. #1 Drought Stress • Cause: Insufficient rain • Hosts: Anything & Everything • Management • Water adequately • 1 inch per week • New tree transplant need 2 inches per week for 3 years • Mulch appropriately

21. Drought Stress or Something Else? This is actually salt injury For more information go to: http://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/A3877.pdf

22. #2 Impatiens Downy Mildew • Cause: Fungus (Plasmoparaobducens) • Hosts: • Standard garden impatiens (I. walleriana) • Balsam impatiens (I. balsamina) • Jewelweed (I. pallida, I. capensis) • New Guinea impatiens (I. hawkeri) • Said to be resistant/tolerant to downy mildew

23. #2 Impatiens Downy Mildew • Favorable Environment • Cool conditions (59-73˚ F) • Long leaf wetness periods (> 6 hrs) • High humidity

24. #2 Impatiens Downy Mildew • Sporulation on the bottom of the leaf • Usually shows up 4-5 days

25. #2 Impatiens Downy Mildew • Control • Use a variety of ornamentals • Use New Guinea impatiens & hybrid varieties • Inspect garden & balsam impatiens carefully • DO NOT plant impatiens right away • Keep plants from different sources physically separated • ROTATE, ROTATE, ROTATE

26. #2 Impatiens Downy Mildew • Control • Work in potentially contaminated beds last • Some downy mildews can last up to 40 years in the soil • Disinfect tools and other gardening items • Commercial disinfectants • 10% bleach solution • 70% alcohol • DO NOT overcrowd plants • Reduces humidity

27. #2 Impatiens Downy Mildew • Control • DO NOT overhead water • Limit leaf wetness periods • Scout frequently • Obtain proper confirmation of the disease • This year only Impatiens Downy Mildew test is free • Bag and discard affected plants • Symptomatic plants • Asymptomatic surrounding plants (3 foot radius)

28. #3 Aster Yellows • Cause: Aster yellows phytoplasma (bacteria) • Hosts • Many plants in the Asteraceae family • i.e. Marigold, Chrysanthemum, Calendula, and Zinnia • Many other plants in other plant families • Vegetables: carrots, potatoes • Environmental trigger • High aster leafhopper populations

29. #3 Aster Yellows • Control • Remove infected plants • Can compost • Control leafhopper population??

30. #4 Tar Spot • Causes: • Rhytismaamericanum(affects Silver Maple) • Rhytismaacerinum(affects Norway Maple) • Hosts • Maples, Willow, Holly, & Boxelder • Favorable Environment • Cool, wet weather

31. #4 Tar Spot • Control • DO NOT panic • Remove diseased leaves • Burn or compost (heating to 140˚ or more) • Be sure to remove diseased leaves in the Fall • Can use copper containing fungicides

32. #5 Oak Wilt • Cause: Ceratocystisfagacearum (Chaplara sp.) • Hosts • About 20 species of oak • Black/red oak group: northern red, northern pin, black • White oak group: white, bur, swamp white • Chinese chestnut • Environmental trigger: Cool, wet conditions

33. #5 Oak Wilt • Hard to identify by looking at the symptoms • Need to send in a sample to UW Pathology Laboratory to have the disease identified correctly

34. #5 Oak Wilt • Transmission • Oak bark beetles • Pseudoptiyophthorus spp. • Sap beetles • Caropophilussppr. • Colopterus spp. • Cryptarcha spp. • Epuraea spp. • Clinchrochilus spp.

35. #5 Oak Wilt • Transmission • Root grafts • Major method of movement in clumps of oaks • Can form between trees in the same subgenus • Black/red oak group • White oak group • Movement of up to 20-25 feet/year

36. #5 Oak Wilt • Control • DO NOT prune or wound oaks from bud break to 2-3 weeks past full leaf development • Disrupt root grafts • Mechanically (vibratory plow or trenching machine) • Chemically (soil fumigants) • Physical barriers • Remove diseased (and healthy) trees

37. #5 Oak Wilt • Control • Be careful using oak wood • Remove bark so fungus can’t survive • Cover wood with thick tarp, burying edges • Use fungicide injection • Propiconazole • Preventative or therapeutic • Every 12-24 months

38. #5 Oak Wilt • Additional Resources UW-Extension Oak Wilt Publication http://learningstore.uwex.edu/Assets/pdfs/G3590.pdf Wisconsin DNR Oak Wilt Website http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/ForestHealth/OakWilt.html

39. #6 Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) Tip Blight • Pathogen: Diplodiapinea or Sphaeropsissapinea • Major Hosts: • Pines: Austrian • Other pines: red, jack, Scots, mugo • Minor Hosts: • Other conifers: cedars, cypresses, firs, spruces, junipers, yews

40. #6 Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) Tip Blight • Favorable environment • Drought • Long periods of needle wetness

41. #6 Diplodia (Sphaeropsis) Tip Blight • Control • DO NOT plant Austrian pines • Prevent tree stress, particularly water stress • Thin branches to increase airflow • Prune diseased branches • Remove infected cones • Contact professional arborist to apply fungicide • www.waa-isa.org

42. #7 Rhizosphaera Needle Cast • Pathogen: Rhizosphearakalkhoffii, Rhizasphaera spp. • Major Hosts: • Colorado blue spruce • Other spruces: Engelmann, black, Serbian, Sitka • Minor Hosts: • Pines: Austrian, mugo, eastern white pine • Douglas fir, Balsam fir, and other firs • Hemlock

43. #7 Rhizosphaera Needle Cast • Environmental triggers • Long periods of needle wetness • High humidity

44. #7 Rhizosphaera Needle Cast • Control • DO NOT plant Colorado blue spruce • Alternatively, plant dwarf varieties • DO NOT crowd trees when planting • Thin healthy branches to increase airflow • Prevent tree stress • Prune diseased branches • Can use copper, chlorothanlonil fungicides

45. #8 Viral Diseases • Hosts: Anything and everything • Pathogens • Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) • Cucumber mosiac virus (CMV) • Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) • Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) • Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) • Many others • Environmental trigger – high vector populations

46. #8 Viral Diseases • Control • Avoid pathogens • Buy plants/seeds from a reputable source • Inspect plants prior to purchase for presence of disease • Have plants tested for viruses prior to purchase (Agdia, Inc., www.agdia.com) • DO NOT smoke around your plants • Control vectors (insects) • Remove or isolate infected plants/plant debris • Remove potential weed hosts

47. #8 Viral Diseases • Control • Sanitation • Disinfect tools • Sodium dodecyl sulfate (sodium lauryl sulfate) + Alconox® (1% + 1%) • Carnation® nonfat, dry milk + polysorbate 20 (20% + 0.1%) • Alcohol dip followed by flaming • Clean benches and pots adequately • Decontaminate recycled water • Wash hands, particularly if you smoke

48. #8 Viral Diseases TRV INSV

49. #9 Boxwood Dieback No need to worry about this since it is a zone 5-8 plant

50. #10 Thousand Cankers Disease • This disease that infects black walnut trees has not been found in Wisconsin, however the DNR and the UW are watching this disease