Jones CHAPTER 24

1. Jones CHAPTER 24 • COLD WAR and HOT WAR • 1945–1953

2. Jones Chapter 25Domestic Dreams and Nightmares Cold War and nuclear age anxieties Economic growth and domesticity Racial hierarchies challenged Social movements

3. COLD WAR AND HOT WAR Overview • The Uncertainties of Victory • The Quest for Security • A Cold War Society • The United States and Asia

4. Cold War • Soviet Union checks power of U.S. • Losers at the end of WWII; Fascism, militarism, white supremacy, colonialism • 1949 China Communist • 1947 India Independence

5. Vacuums of Power • Fascism, militarism, white supremacy, colonialism: Losers at the end of WWII • Socialists, communists, and radicals fill the vacuum • Labor party in Britain • Soviet Union • Socialist and communist parties in France, Italy, Belgium, and Scandinavia • Indonesia gains independence from Dutch • India gains independence from Britain • Ho Chi Minh begins fight for independent Vietnam • United Nations created by Allies in April, 1945 • Racial Hierarchies challenged in U.S

6. U.S. becomes dominant economic power • The “boys come home”: • Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI bill) (white males) • Financial aid; low-cost mortgages; VA hospitals; college and vocational training • War-time rationing lifted and factories convert from war materials to consumer products proliferation • Standard of living raised

7. Postwar Reconversion • The “boys come home”: Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 (GI bill) (white males) • Financial aid; low-cost mortgages; VA hospitals; college and vocational training • Factories: convert from war materials to consumer products • War-time rationing lifted • Housing scarce: 1/3 still live in poverty • Women: returning men push women from jobs; federal daycare facilities discontinued

8. The Impact of Nuclear Weapons • Bikini Islanders, Utah, and Nevada experience high cancer rates where atomic bomb tests occurred • Weapon plans leak radioactivity into groundwater • Radioactive waste and where to put it? • Military preparedness; duck and cover

10. The Creation of the National Security State • Soviet Union and their first nuclear bomb • National Security Council document 68 (NSC-68) • Imperatives of military power • Global involvement • Increased defense spending • Central Intelligence Agency • National Security Council

11. The Policy of Containment • Kennan: “Soviet hostility as a function of traditional Russian insecurity overlaid with newer Marxist justifications” • Churchill: the Russian “iron curtain” across Europe • Continued U.S. military presence around the world • The Truman Doctrine • The rebuilding of Germany and Japan

12. A Cold War SocietyFamily Lives • Suburbia • Levittown • 1950: housing construction at 1.7 million • Segregation by moves to suburbia • “The Perfect Family” with highly defined gender roles, and the importance of child-rearing

13. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xqkiVdy-Do

14. The Cold War at Home • The Rosenbergs • Internal Security Act of 1950: requires Communist party members to register with government and allows emergency incarceration • House Un-American Activities Committee • McCarthyism • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJCJGvd7t2c

15. Contesting Racial Hierarchies • Returning from war and fighting racism • Return to violence, lynchings, beatings, segregation • Segregation upheld by U.S. Supreme Court in voting primaries, interstate transportation, contracts for house sales, graduate schools • Popular culture crosses racial lines: Bill Haley, Elvis Presley, Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Jackie Robinson • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ofD9t_sULM

16. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT • Brown v. Board of Education • White Resistance, Black Persistence • Boycotts Montgomery Bus • Sit-Ins

17. Brown v. Board of Education 1954 • Jim Crow laws supported by “separate but equal” clause • NAACP lawyers file suit against Topeka, Kansas Board of Education • Chief Justice Earl Warren rejects Plessy v. Ferguson “Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal…”

18. Expert Testimony “dolls” • Kenneth Clark (social scientist) • 16 A.A. children between ages 6-9 given identical dolls except skin color • 10/16 preferred white doll – “nice” • 11 chose black doll “bad” • Stigmatization and inferiority

19. Boycotts and Sit-Ins • Montgomery bus boycott • Martin Luther King, Jr. 1955 • African American students and the Woolworth’s in Greensboro 1960 • Freedom Rides, 1961 • From Civil Rights to Black Power

20. Sit-ins

21. Freedom Riders

22. Freedom Riders

23. Asian Americans, Protest • McCarran-Walter Act of 1952 • 1965-1974 anti-Vietnam war mvmt • Asian American racial identity, Ethnic Studies • Community struggles • Anti-colonialism and liberation

24. Murders of Chaney, Goodman, Schwerner

25. Social movements Loosely organized people acting outside established institutions to promote or resist social change; Political outsiders; Grassroots; Use disruptive tactics, mass mobilization Can make system more democratic

26. Why some succeed, others do not • Closely tied to American values • Capacity to win public attention and support • Ability to affect political fortunes of elected leaders

27. Factors that encourage creation of social movements • Structural, including social distress • Adequate resources for mobilization • Leaders and public degree of support • Believe that their actions will have an impact on decision-makers • Catalyst to set them in motion