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By Hans C. Juvkam-Wold Lesson 6

Confidential to DGD JIP. Slide 2 of 48. Gas Kicks in Shallow WellsThe PV = constant" Assumption - Is it valid?The Perfect Gas Law: PV = nRT "The Real Gas Law: PV = ZnRT. Z-FactorGas Kicks in Deepwater WellsEffect of Temp. and Pressure on Real GasesGas Kick Volume and Density forrRe

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By Hans C. Juvkam-Wold Lesson 6

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    1. Confidential to DGD JIP Slide 1 of 48 by Hans C. Juvkam-Wold Lesson 6 Gas Kick Behavior

    2. Confidential to DGD JIP Slide 2 of 48 Gas Kicks in Shallow Wells The “PV = constant” Assumption - Is it valid? The Perfect Gas Law: “PV = nRT ” The Real Gas Law: “PV = ZnRT. “ Z-Factor Gas Kicks in Deepwater Wells Effect of Temp. and Pressure on Real Gases Gas Kick Volume and Density forrReal Gases Pumping Gas with the MLP Solubility of Gas in Oil or Synthetic Based Mud Similar to conventional -- brief description of key elements in a good balanced cement plug operation U-tube effects -- need to show how/where the calculations are impacted by U-tube considerations (link to a calculation display?) Need to link to graphic of the cement U-tube? Does our existing graphic work or do we need something different? Similar to conventional -- brief description of key elements in a good balanced cement plug operation U-tube effects -- need to show how/where the calculations are impacted by U-tube considerations (link to a calculation display?) Need to link to graphic of the cement U-tube? Does our existing graphic work or do we need something different?

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    39. Confidential to DGD JIP Slide 39 of 48 Static Pressures - DGD

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    43. Confidential to DGD JIP Slide 43 of 48 The “PV = constant” assumption appears to be more or less acceptable in evaluating shallow gas kicks. It could be off by a factor of two The Perfect Gas Law: “PV = nRT ” improves on our predictions by including the effect of temperature The Real Gas Law: “PV = ZnRT ” is required if we want to predict accurately the behavior of real gases in deep DGD wells Similar to conventional -- brief description of key elements in a good balanced cement plug operation U-tube effects -- need to show how/where the calculations are impacted by U-tube considerations (link to a calculation display?) Need to link to graphic of the cement U-tube? Does our existing graphic work or do we need something different? Similar to conventional -- brief description of key elements in a good balanced cement plug operation U-tube effects -- need to show how/where the calculations are impacted by U-tube considerations (link to a calculation display?) Need to link to graphic of the cement U-tube? Does our existing graphic work or do we need something different?

    44. Confidential to DGD JIP Slide 44 of 48 The “ Z-Factor ” is a factor that distinguishes between real gases and ideal gases The Z-factor has a value near 1.0 under atmospheric conditions. It can vary from 0.7 to 2.5 or more Below 7,000 psi an increase in temperature increases the Z-factor Above 8,000 psi an increase in temperature decreases the Z-factor Similar to conventional -- brief description of key elements in a good balanced cement plug operation U-tube effects -- need to show how/where the calculations are impacted by U-tube considerations (link to a calculation display?) Need to link to graphic of the cement U-tube? Does our existing graphic work or do we need something different? Similar to conventional -- brief description of key elements in a good balanced cement plug operation U-tube effects -- need to show how/where the calculations are impacted by U-tube considerations (link to a calculation display?) Need to link to graphic of the cement U-tube? Does our existing graphic work or do we need something different?

    45. Confidential to DGD JIP Slide 45 of 48 Gas expansion in deep DGD wells is only a small fraction of what we might expect from shallow-well experience with gas kicks The density of a gas at 20,000 psi may be as high as 3 lb/gal or even higher! This gas behaves more like a liquid than a gas. At high pressures a Gas kick mixes with Oil or Synthetic Based Mud with little change in volume Similar to conventional -- brief description of key elements in a good balanced cement plug operation U-tube effects -- need to show how/where the calculations are impacted by U-tube considerations (link to a calculation display?) Need to link to graphic of the cement U-tube? Does our existing graphic work or do we need something different? Similar to conventional -- brief description of key elements in a good balanced cement plug operation U-tube effects -- need to show how/where the calculations are impacted by U-tube considerations (link to a calculation display?) Need to link to graphic of the cement U-tube? Does our existing graphic work or do we need something different?

    46. Confidential to DGD JIP Slide 46 of 48 by Hans C. Juvkam-Wold November 2000 The End 6. Gas Kick Behavior

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