Chapter 12 Reconstruction

1. Chapter 12Reconstruction

2. Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural Address • Union Victory was certain • Themes of address • Preservation of the union “indivisible nation” • Sorrow over the war-diplomacy had failed • War was necessary to end slavery • Urged peaceful reunion and reconstruction “with malice toward none; with charity for all”

3. Lincoln’s Assassination • John Wilkes Booth-confederate sympathizer • Fords Theater • Andrew Johnson

4. Reconstruction 1865-1877 • Rebuild the South • Readmit the southern statesto the Union

5. 13th Amendment • Abolishes slavery

6. Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan • Pardon southerners who swore allegiance to the Union • Hold constitutional conventions to form new state governments • Withdraw their secession • Ratify the 13th Amendment • Hold elections and be part of the Union

7. Radical Republicans v. Johnson • Thaddeus Stevens • Punish states for secession • Destroy political power of former slave holders • Full citizenship and suffrage for African Americans • Land distribution

8. Freedmen’s Bureau 1865 • 1st federal relief agency in U.S. history • Provided clothes, medical attention, food, education and land • Helped transition to freedom • Johnson vetoed, Congress override veto

9. Civil Rights Act 1866 • Gave African Americans citizenship • Forbade Black Codes • No carrying weapons • No serving on juries or testifying in court • No marrying whites • No traveling without permits • Etc. • Johnson vetoes, congress overrides

10. 14th Amendment • No person, regardless of race, can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law • Declared all persons born or naturalized in the U.S. to be citizens • Provided a Constitutional Basis for the Civil Rights Act

11. Reconstruction Act of 1867 • Abolished governments formed under Lincoln’s and Johnson’s plans • 5 military zones • Set new requirements for readmission • State constitutions had to grant suffrage

12. Johnson’s Impeachment • High crimes and misdemeanors • Radicals passed laws to keep Johnson weak • Johnson ignored those laws: Tenure of Office Act • 3 month trial Not guilty by 1 vote

13. Impeachment Process Congress House impeach Senate Votes to impeach Senate becomes jurors Chief Justice Presides over trial Recommend to impeach or not Judiciary 2/3 to convict Committee Reviews evidenceguilty-out of office not guilty-stays in

14. 15th Amendment • 15-suffrage • cannot deny the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

15. 12:2 Reconstructing Society

16. Political Problems of the South • South destroyed, must rebuild • States have no money, can’t borrow • Black Codes

17. Response to Political Problems • Public Works programs-orphanages, hospitals, schools, etc. • Increased state taxes • African Americans elected to office

18. African American Political Power during Reconstruction • 90% voted • 8/10 voted Republican • Hiram Revels-1st African American U.S. Senator • Several House Members

19. Economic Problems of the South • Low property values • Population devastated by death and malnutrition • Labor shortage • Increase in taxes • Landlessness of poor whites and former slaves • Low cotton prices • Debt • Bank failures

20. Response to Economic problems • Raised taxes • Tenant farming • Sharecropping • Redistribution of land owned by former Confederates • Diversification of economy

21. Social Problems of the South • Racism • African American families separated • African American education

22. Responses to Social Problems • Emigration of white population north • Emigration of black population to cities • Freedmen’s Bureau reunited many families • African Americans organized schools, churches, political institutions • Morehouse College Atlanta 1867: ministry and education

23. Scalawags • White southerners who joined the Republican party • Redistribute wealth • Redistribute political power • Bring industry to the South

24. Carpetbaggers • Northerners who moved South after the War • Freedmen’s Bureau • Buy cheap land • Business men/entrepreneurs took advantage of the devastated economy of the South

25. African American Gains during Reconstruction • Rebuilt families • Education • Public education

26. 40 Acres and a Mule • Promised by Sherman to slaves who left the plantation and followed the Union Army during the war • Johnson gave it back to original landowners

27. Freedman’s Bureau • Organized to help former slaves transition to freedom • Everyday problems: food, clothing, jobs, medicine, medical care • Some land acquisition that was unclaimed by its pre-war owners • didn’t go far enough to give economic independence

28. Few Opportunities • Share cropping • Tenant farming • Conditions little different than slavery

29. 12:3The End of Reconstruction

30. Ku Klux Klan • Secret society • Used murder, arson, violence as means of controlling freed Africans Americans • Founded by Confederate Army veterans • Fought against Congressional Reconstruction plans • Federal troops occupied the south to curtail KKK violence

31. Enforcement Acts 1870, 1871 • Provided federal supervision of elections • Provided federal troops in active KKK areas

32. Freedmen’s Bureau • Expires 1872 • Congress does not renew funding

33. Amnesty Act 1872 • Returned the right to vote and hold office to 160,000 former Confederates • Republicans lose political power

34. Panic of 1873 • Businesses had expanded during the Civil War • Post-war production exceeded demand • Banks closed • Stock market crashed • 5 year depression

35. Redemption • Democrats regain power • Amnesty Act • Scandal in Grant Administration • Supreme Court Decisions weaken the power of the 14th and 15th Amendments • Depression

36. 1876 Election • (R)Rutherford B. Hays v. (D) Sam Tilden • Hays wins electoral vote, Tilden wins popular vote • Contested election-House decides

37. Compromise of 1877 House will accept Hayes as President IF • Federal Troops removed from the south • Democrats get $$ for southern public works programs • Hayes puts southern conservatives in his cabinet

38. Home Rule • Ability to run state government without interference of the federal government • Took 80 years for the Civil Rights movement to begin gaining equality for African Americans