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Animal Nutrition

Chapter 41. Animal Nutrition. Figure 41.1. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Lobster Mouth Parts. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Shark Eating a Seal. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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Animal Nutrition

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  1. Chapter 41 Animal Nutrition

  2. Figure 41.1

  3. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Lobster Mouth Parts

  4. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Shark Eating a Seal

  5. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 41.1: An animal’s diet must supply chemical energy, organic molecules, and essential nutrients • An animal’s diet provides: • Chemical energy, which is converted into ATP to power cellular processes • Organic building blocks, such as organic carbon and organic nitrogen, to synthesize a variety of organic molecules • Essential nutrients, which are required by cells and must be obtained from dietary sources

  6. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Essential Nutrients • There are four classes of essential nutrients: • Essential amino acids • Essential fatty acids • Vitamins - organic • Minerals - inorganic

  7. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the problem with a vegan diet?

  8. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What is the problem with a vegan diet? • Animals require 20 amino acids and can synthesize about half from molecules in their diet • The remaining amino acids, the essential amino acids, must be obtained from food in preassembled form

  9. Table 41.1

  10. Table 41.2

  11. Why is this fella licking the ground? Figure 41.3

  12. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Assessing Nutritional Needs What is the difference between malnourishment and undernourishment? • Insights into human nutrition have come from epidemiology, the study of human health and disease in populations • Neural tube defects were found to be the result of a deficiency in folic acid in pregnant mothers

  13. Figure 41.4 RESULTS Number of infants/fetuses studied Infants/fetuses with a neural tube defect Group Vitamin supplements (experimental group) 141 1 (0.7%) No vitamin supplements (control group) 204 12 (5.9%)

  14. Concept 41.2: The main stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination Nutrient molecules enter body cells Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion (enzymatic hydrolysis) Undigested material 1 Ingestion 2 Digestion 3 Absorption 4 Elimination

  15. Suspension Feeders and Filter Feeders Figure 41.6 Baleen Substrate Feeders Fluid Feeders Caterpillar Feces Bulk Feeders

  16. Food processing • 4 parts: ingestion (eating), digestion (break down), absorption (get nutrients) and elimination (feces) • Digestion can be intracellular by vacuoles and enzymes (Paramecium) or extracellular by some breakdown outside of the cells, usually starts in a cavity (gastrovascular/alimentary canals)

  17. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What is happening to food during chemical digestion?

  18. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. What is happening to food during chemical digestion? • In chemical digestion, the process of enzymatic hydrolysis splits bonds in molecules with the addition of water

  19. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Video: Hydra Eating Daphnia

  20. Food particles Food Digestive engulfed and digested particles broken down enzymes released Figure 41.7 Mouth Tentacles Food 1 2 3 Epidermis Gastrodermis

  21. Crop Esophagus Gizzard Variation in alimentary canals. Intestine Pharynx Anus Mouth (a) Earthworm Foregut Midgut Hindgut Esophagus Crop Esophagus Stomach Rectum Gizzard Anus Intestine Mouth Anus Crop Gastric cecae Mouth (b) Grasshopper (c) Bird

  22. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Concept 41.3: Organs specialized for sequential stages of food processing form the mammalian digestive system • The mammalian digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts • Mammalian accessory glands are the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder

  23. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Food is pushed along by peristalsis, rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal • Valves called sphincters regulate the movement of material between compartments

  24. Tongue Oral cavity Figure 41.9 Mouth Salivary glands Pharynx Salivary glands Esophagus Esophagus Liver Gall- bladder Stomach Sphincter Small intestine Gall- bladder Liver Sphincter Pancreas Large intestine Pancreas Stomach Small intestine Rectum Anus Large intestine Schematic diagram Duodenum of small intestine Rectum Anus

  25. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus • The first stage of digestion is mechanical and takes place in the oral cavity • Salivary glands deliver saliva to lubricate food • Teeth chew food into smaller particles that are exposed to salivary amylase, initiating breakdown of glucose polymers • Saliva also contains mucus, a viscous mixture of water, salts, cells, and glycoproteins

  26. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • The tongue shapes food into a bolus and provides help with swallowing • The throat, or pharynx, is the junction that opens to both the esophagus and the trachea • The esophagus connects to the stomach • The trachea (windpipe) leads to the lungs

  27. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • The esophagusconducts food from the pharynx down to the stomach by peristalsis • Swallowing causes the epiglottis to block entry to the trachea, and the bolus is guided by the larynx, the upper part of the respiratory tract • Coughing occurs when the swallowing reflex fails and food or liquids reach the windpipe

  28. Figure 41.10-1 Bolus of food Tongue Epiglottis up Pharynx Esophageal sphincter contracted Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophagus To lungs To stomach

  29. Figure 41.10-2 Bolus of food Tongue Epiglottis up Pharynx Esophageal sphincter contracted Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophagus To lungs To stomach

  30. Figure 41.10-3 Bolus of food Tongue Epiglottis up Pharynx Esophageal sphincter contracted Glottis Larynx Trachea Esophagus Relaxed muscles To lungs To stomach Contracted muscles Sphincter relaxed Stomach

  31. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Digestion in the Stomach • The stomach stores food and secretes gastric juice, which converts a meal to acid chyme

  32. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Chemical Digestion in the Stomach • Gastric juice has a low pH of about 2, which kills bacteria and denatures proteins • Gastric juice is made up of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and pepsin • Pepsin is a protease, or protein-digesting enzyme, that cleaves proteins into smaller peptides

  33. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Parietal cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the lumen (cavity) of the stomach • Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with hydrochloric acid in the stomach • Mucus protects the stomach lining from gastric juice

  34. Esophagus Sphincter Figure 41.11 Stomach Sphincter Small intestine 10 m Folds of epithelial tissue Epithelium Gastric pits on interior surface of stomach 3 Pepsinogen Pepsin 2 Gastric gland HCl Chief cell 1 Mucous cell H Cl Parietal cell Chief cell Parietal cell

  35. What gives one ulcers in the stomach?

  36. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Gastric ulcers, lesions in the lining, are caused mainly by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

  37. Carbohydrate digestion Chemical digestion in the human digestive system. Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Polysaccharides Salivary amylase Smaller polysaccharides Maltose

  38. Carbohydrate digestion Figure 41.12-2 Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Polysaccharides Salivary amylase Smaller polysaccharides Maltose Protein digestion Stomach Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides

  39. Carbohydrate digestion Figure 41.12-3 Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Polysaccharides Salivary amylase Smaller polysaccharides Maltose Protein digestion Stomach Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides Nucleic acid digestion Fat digestion Small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) Fat (triglycerides) DNA, RNA Pancreatic amylases Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin Pancreatic nucleases Disaccharides Smaller polypeptides Nucleotides Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides Small peptides

  40. Carbohydrate digestion Figure 41.12-4 Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus Polysaccharides Disaccharides Salivary amylase Smaller polysaccharides Maltose Protein digestion Stomach Proteins Pepsin Small polypeptides Nucleic acid digestion Fat digestion Small intestine (enzymes from pancreas) Fat (triglycerides) DNA, RNA Pancreatic amylases Pancreatic trypsin and chymotrypsin Pancreatic nucleases Disaccharides Smaller polypeptides Nucleotides Pancreatic lipase Pancreatic carboxypeptidase Glycerol, fatty acids, monoglycerides Small peptides Small intestine (enzymes from epithelium) Nucleotidases Dipeptidases, carboxy- peptidase, and aminopeptidase Nucleosides Disaccharidases Nucleosidases and phosphatases Nitrogenous bases, sugars, phosphates Amino acids Monosaccharides

  41. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Most of absorption happens in the small intestine • 15 – 32 feet in humans • The first portion of the small intestine is the duodenum, where chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and the small intestine itself • Most of nutrient digestion here • Jejunum and ilium mostly extract water • Some nutrients diffuse through membranes, most are pumped against gradient

  42. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Pancreatic Secretions • The pancreas produces proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin that are activated in the lumen of the duodenum • Its solution is alkaline…Why?

  43. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Bile Production by the Liver • In the small intestine, bile aids in digestion and absorption of fats • Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder • Bile also destroys nonfunctional red blood cells

  44. Figure 41.13 Nutrient absorption in the small intestine. Microvilli (brush border) at apical (lumenal) surface Villi Vein carrying blood to liver Lumen Epithelial cells Blood capillaries Epithelial cells Basal surface Muscle layers Villi Large circular folds Lacteal Intestinal wall Key Lymph vessel Nutrient absorption • membrane transport review bioflix

  45. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • The hepatic portal vein carries nutrient-rich blood from the capillaries of the villi to the liver, then to the heart • The liver regulates nutrient distribution, interconverts many organic molecules, and detoxifies many organic molecules

  46. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Absorption in the Large Intestine • > 90% of water reabsorbed • not enough water absorbed back to body • diarrhea • too much water absorbed back to body • constipation • The cecum aids in the fermentation of plant material and connects where the small and large intestines meet • The human cecum has an extension called the appendix,which plays a very minor role in immunity

  47. The colon’s primary purpose is to absorb water from chyme. Figure 41.15 Ascending portion of colon Small intestine Cecum Appendix • What happens if too much is absorbed? Too little?

  48. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Symbiotic bacteria and digestion • There are approximately 500 species of bacteria comprising the gut flora (part of the “human microbiome”) that aid in digestion • 100 trillion cells compared to 10 trillion actual body cells • Feces, including undigested material and bacteria, become more solid as they move through the colon • Why don’t we eat feces? 30% of dry weight of feces is bacteria. • Dogs and gorillas practice coprophagia for different reasons. Why? proof

  49. © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. • Feces are stored in the rectum until they can be eliminated through the anus • Two sphincters between the rectum and anus control bowel movements, the top being involuntary, the bottom (anus) being voluntary

  50. Dentition and diet. Carnivore Herbivore Omnivore Key Incisors Canines Premolars Molars

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