Chapter 17: Marine Resources

1. Chapter 17: Marine Resources

2. Laws and regulation • Mare Liberum • Territorial sea • 1958 to 1982 UN Law of the Sea • Ratified in 1993 • International law

3. Law of the sea • Coastal jurisdiction 12 n. miles • EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone 200 n. miles • Free passage • International Seabed Authority • Law of the Sea Tribunal

4. EEZ of world

5. EEZ of United States Fig. 17-1

6. Fisheries • Fish caught commercially • Five ecosystems • Non-tropical shelves • Tropical shelves • Upwelling • Coastal and coral systems • Open ocean

7. Fish recruitment • Fertilization of eggs • Survival of fish larvae • Survival of juvenile fish • Mortality losses huge until fish matures

8. Primary productivity and fisheries Relationship to nitrogen influx Fig. 17-2

9. More nitrogen at upwelling • Duration of upwelling • Rates of upwelling • Moderate • Too slow • Too fast

10. World catch • Fish production • Potential world fishery about 100 to 120 million metric tons • Overfished areas • Intended catch and bycatch

11. Bycatch • Caught incidentally • Tuna and dolphins • Marine Mammals Protection Act • Driftnets or gill nets • Banned in 1989

12. Fisheries management • Difficulties • Regulation of fishing vessels • Catch limits • Many countries • Migrating fish • Human activities in one area impact another • Economic concerns of fishers

13. Mariculture • 37% of total world fishery • Fish • Crustaceans • Shrimp and prawn most successful • Bivalves • Also successful • Algae • Mainly seaweed

14. Energy from oceans • Advantages • Nonpolluting • Huge • Renewable • Readily available along coasts

15. Power from • Offshore winds • Currents • Waves • Tides • Thermal energy (OTEC)

16. Mineral resources • Petroleum • Offshore about 30% of total world production • Likely to increase in future • Deeper ocean to be exploited

18. Gas hydrates • Sand and gravel • Phosphorite • Metal sulfides • Manganese nodules and crusts • Cobalt (strategic)

20. Divergent and convergent plates and metallic sulfides

22. Chemical resources • Freshwater from desalination • Distillation • Solar humidification • Electrolysis • Reverse osmosis • Freeze separation

23. Reverse osmosis Fig. 17-24

24. Evaporative salts • Halite, common table salt • Gypsum building material • Chemical industrial uses

25. Pharmaceutical drugs from the sea • Soft-bodied marine organisms chemical “warfare” • Antibiotic • Anti-inflammatory • Anti-viral • Anti-tumor • Anti-cancer

26. End of Chapter 17: Marine Resources