The Growth of America in the Late 19 th Century

1. The Growth of Americain the Late 19th Century

2. Settling the Great Plains Economic opportunity, industrialization, technological change, and immigration fueled American growth and expansion It took over 250 years to turn 400 million acres of forests and prairies into flourishing farms Settling the second 400 million took only 30 years

3. Westward Movement • Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers intensified • Incentive of free public land • Homestead Act of 1862, gave free public land in the western territories to settlers who would live on and farm the land • Southerners, including African Americans moved west to seek new opportunities after the war

4. Westward Ho! • New technologies like, railroads and the mechanical reaper, opened new lands in the West for settlement and made farming profitable by increasing the efficiency of production and linking resources and markets • By the turn of the century, the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains regions of the American West were no longer unsettled frontier, but were fast becoming regions of farms, ranches, and towns • The forcible removal of the American Indians from their lands continued throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century

5. Boomtowns and mining communizes dotted the western frontier

6. The arrival of the railroad in the west influenced the government’s policy toward the Native Americans The government changed policy and divided the land designating specific boundaries for each tribe Native Americans continued to hunt on their traditional lands regardless of treaties The first Transcontinental Railroad finished May 10, 1869, near Salt Lake City, Utah Railroads move West

7. The building of an empire, and the destruction of a people

8. Immigration and Urbanization “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free, the wretched refuse of your teeming shore. Send these, the homeless, the tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the Golden Door!” --Emma Lazarus The New Colossus

9. 1870-1920: Approximately 20 million Europeans arrived in the U.S. Before 1890 many came from Western and Northern Europe After 1890, many more came from the Southern and Eastern parts Reasons for Coming to America Escape religious persecution Rising population in an overcrowded Europe Many simply left to have independent lives in America Through the “Golden Door”

10. While the East Coast was flooded with Europeans, Chinese immigrants came in on the West Coast 1851-1883: approximately 300,000 Chinese arrived Many came to seek their fortunes after the discovery of gold in 1848 sparked the California gold rush Chinese immigrants helped build the nation’s railroads, including the first transcontinental line After the railroads, they turned to farming, mining and domestic service Chinese immigration, however, was limited by a Congressional act in 1882 Through the “Golden Door”

11. In 1884, the Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planters to recruit Japanese workers, and Japanese emigration was born The U.S. annexation of Hawaii in 1898, led to a boom in Japanese immigration to the West Coast As word of high U.S. wages spread, more and more Japanese came 1907: 30,000 left Japan and moved to the West Coast 1920: 200,000 lived on the West Coast Through the “Golden Door”

13. 1880-1920: About 200,000 arrived in the eastern southeastern U.S. from the West Indies-Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico Many left because jobs were scarce Mexicans immigrated to find work and freedom from political turmoil The 1902 National Reclamation Act, which encouraged immigration, created new farmland in the Western States and drew Mexicans to work About 700,000 Mexicans, 7% of the population, came to the U.S. over the next 20 years Through the “Golden Door”

14. By the 1870’s almost all immigrants traveled to the U.S. by steamship The trip across the Atlantic took about a week From Asia across the Pacific, 3 weeks Many traveled in steerage, the cheapest accommodations in a ship’s cargo hold Rarely allowed on deck, immigrants were crowded together in the gloom, unable to exercise or catch a breath of fresh air Sleeping in louse-infested bunks they shared toilets with many other immigrants A Difficult Journey

15. Under these conditions, disease spread quickly Many died before reaching the new world A Difficult Journey

16. After the long journey, immigrants still had to face the anxiety of not knowing whether or not they would be admitted to the U.S. They had to pass inspection at immigration stations like Ellis Island in the New York harbor About 20% were detained for a day or two at Ellis Island before being inspected However, only about 2% were denied entry The processing was an ordeal that might take 5 hours or more Ellis Island, NYC, NY

17. The requirements included: proving they had never been convicted of a felony, demonstrating that they were able to work, and showing that they had some money (at least $25 after 1909) From 1892-1924 Ellis Island was the chief immigration station in the U.S. An estimated 17 million immigrants passed through Immigrants had to leave many possessions behind that were not deemed necessary Ellis Island

19. Asians were arriving on the West Coast through Angel Island in San Francisco 1910-1940: about 50,000 Chinese immigrants were processed here Processing was harsher and immigrants endured many questions and long lines in filthy buildings Angel Island

20. Once admitted, immigrants faced challenges Finding a place to live Getting a job Functioning in daily life while trying to understand an unfamiliar language and culture Many sought out people with similar cultural values, religious beliefs, and spoke their native language People pooled their money to build churches or synagogues Committed to their own cultures but also trying hard to grow into their new identities, many immigrants came to think of themselves as “hyphenated” Americans Sometimes Immigrants were viewed as threat to “The American way of life” Cooperation for Survival

21. Native people often disliked the immigrants’ Many native-born Americans thought of their country as a “melting pot:” a mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs Nativism gave rise to anti-immigrant groups and led to a demand for immigration restriction Rise of Nativism

22. The Government Responds to Nativism • Mounting resentment led Congress to limit immigration • Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 • Immigration Restriction Act of 1921 • These laws effectively cut off most immigration to America for the next several decades • However, the immigrants of this period and their descendants continued to contribute immeasurably to American society

23. The Growth of Cities • As the nation’s population growth continued, cities such as Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York grew rapidly as manufacturing and transportation centers • Factories in the large cities provided jobs, but workers’ families often lived in harsh conditions, crowded into tenements and slums • The rapid growth of cities caused housing shortages and the need for new public services, such as sewage and water systems and public transportation

25. Housing—2 options Nice house on the outskirts of the city, but would have no transportation options Cramped room in a boarding house at the center of the city As the population grew, new types of housing were designed Row houses: single family homes that shared walls with the house on either side packed many families in one city block After working-class families left the central city, immigrants often took over their old housing, sometimes with two or three families in one house Urban Problems

26. Transportation: Mass transit systems designed to move large numbers of people Street cars- San Francisco 1897 Electric subways - Boston 1897 Water Public waterworks were built in the 1840’s-1850’s to provide safe drinking water But even by the 1860’s, many residents still did not have plumbing By the 1870s filtration introduced to control disease Urban Problems

27. Crime As populations increased, pickpockets and thieves flourished Although New York City organized the first full-time, salaried police force in 1844. Like other cities, these law enforcement units were too small to have much impact on crime Fire The limited water supply in many other cities contributed to another menace: the spread of fires Major fires occurred in almost every large American city through the 1870’s 1890s first citywide fire departments established Urban Problems

28. “In U.S. politics, a party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state” Patronage and Spoils System Tammany Hall (New York City) William “Boss” Tweed Political Machines and Boss Politics

29. The 48 Star Flag, 1912-1959 Admission of New States • As the population moved westward, many new states in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains regions were added to the United States • By the early twentieth century all the states that make up the continental United States today had been admitted

30. Industrial RevolutionRound II The United States becomes a global manufacture 1870s - 1920s

31. Expansion of Industry Natural Resources U.S. before Civil War: agricultural nation By 1920s: leading industrial nation Reasons for expansion Wealth of natural resources Government support of business Growing urban population providing cheap labor and markets for new products

32. Bessemer Steel Process Steel: made by removing carbon from iron to make it lighter and more flexible Problem was how to make it easier Developed independently by British manufacturer, Henry Bessemer in 1850 Involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities By 1880s America was producing 90% of the world’s steel

33. New Uses for Steel Railroads were biggest customer: steel for track Joseph Glidden: barbed wire John Deere: steel plow Cyrus McCormick: mechanical reaper Innovations in construction Brooklyn Bridge, 1883 1595 feet across Spanned the East River in New York City Skyscrapers Flat Iron Building, NYC – first skyscraper, 1902 Home Insurance Building, Chicago – structural steel

34. Inventions Promote Change • Thomas Edison, 1876-1880s • Established research lab in Menlo Park, NJ • Incandescent Light Bulb • Invents a system for producing and distributing electricity • Orville and Wilbur Wright • First successful powered flight • December 17, 1903 in Kitty Hawk, NC

35. Inventions Promote Change • Telephone, 1876 • Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson invented the telephone • Opens a way for worldwide communications • Henry Ford • Assembly line • Interchangeable parts • Model T – car for the common man 1908

36. National Network • 1856 • Railroads extend to the Mississippi River • 1859 • Crossed into Missouri • 1869 • First transcontinental railroad • 1869 • Professor C.F. Dowd proposed that the earth’s surface be divided into 24 time zones • 1918 • Finally adopted by the U.S. Congress

37. Pullman and “The Company Town” • 1880 • George M. Pullman built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars in Illinois • Built a town nearby for his workers • Pullman, Il • Residents lived in clean, well-constructed brick houses and apartment buildings • Town had doctors, offices, and an athletic field • “Rent” garnished directly from worker’s wages • Often rent much higher then wages so “credit” was extended forcing workers to keep working at the factory in order to have someplace to live

38. Big Business and Labor Rise of the “Robber Barons”

39. Integration • Vertical Integration • Control all phases of development from the ground up • Was less expensive to own mines, railroads, and processing plants than to pay rent for them • Horizontal Integration • Companies producing similar product merge • Gained control over his suppliers and limited his competition

40. Vertical VS. Horizontal

41. Andrew Carnegie and Steel Born in Scotland and came to the U.S. in 1848 In 1850 he began working for the local superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad Was given the chance to purchase stock in the company Used the money to buy more stock and by 1865 he left his job with the Pennsylvania Railroad

42. Big Business and Labor In 1873 he entered the steel business By 1899 Carnegie Steel Company manufactured more steel than all the factories in Great Britain Success due to his management practices Incorporated new machinery and techniques Attracted talented people by offering them stock in the company Encourage competition among his assistants Would eventually sell his company in the single largest business sale in world history

43. John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil • Rockefeller sold oil cheaper than others and gave railroad friends discounts on oil if they shipped only his oil • Standard Oil had lower prices • Bought out competitors • Joined the companies in trust agreements • Mastered the art of Horizontal Integration

44. J.P. Morgan - Banking • Investment Banker • Bought Carnegie Steel for $500 million • Created US Steel - the first billion dollar corporation in the world • Most expensive business deal in history to date • Controlled over 60% of steel production in US

45. Cornelius Vanderbilt, Railroads • Known as “The Commodore” • Made a fortune in the railroad business • Introduced the use of steel rails and a standard gauge (distance between rails)

46. Lifestyle of Robber Barons • These industrialists were called robber barons because of the tactics they used to create their companies. • Industrialists were also philanthropists • Rockefeller gave away $500 million, established the Rockefeller foundation, University of Chicago, and created a medical institute • Carnegie gave away about 90% of his wealth which still supports the arts and learning today • Carnegie Hall • Carnegie Music Institute • Carnegie Mellon University • 2,811 libraries throughout the world

47. Carnegie Philanthropy

48. The Problems with “Big Business” • Monopoly • One business owner controls the whole market of a product • Drives other competitors out of business by lowering and raising prices • Trusts • One company controls the making of a product • Allows company to control the price of the product • Corporation • Large companies made up of smaller businesses • Limited Liability • Allowed people to invest money with little risk

49. List of “Robber Barons” • John Jacob Astor (real estate, fur) – New York • Andrew Carnegie (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York • William A. Clark (copper) – Butte, Montana • Jay Cooke (finance) – Philadelphia • Charles Crocker (railroads) – California • Daniel Drew (finance) – New York • James Buchanan Duke (tobacco) – Durham, North Carolina • Marshall Field (retail) – Chicago • James Fisk (finance) – New York • Henry Morrison Flagler (Standard Oil, railroads) – New York and Florida • Henry Clay Frick (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York • John Warne Gates (barbed wire, oil) – Texas • Jay Gould (railroads) – New York • Edward Henry Harriman (railroads) – New York • James J. Hill (fuel, coal, steamboats, railroads) - St Paul, Minnesota • Charles T. Hinde (railroads, water transport, shipping, hotels) – Illinois, Missouri, Kentucky, California • Mark Hopkins (railroads) – California • Collis Potter Huntington (railroads) – California • Lars Kovala (land speculator, railroads) – California, Wisconsin, Michigan • Andrew W. Mellon (finance, oil) – Pittsburgh • J. P. Morgan (finance, industrial consolidation) – New York • John Cleveland Osgood (coal mining, iron) – Colorado • Henry B. Plant (railroads) – Florida • John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil) – Cleveland, New York • Henry Huttleston Rogers (Standard Oil; copper), New York. • Charles M. Schwab (steel) – Pittsburgh and New York • Joseph Seligman (banking) – New York • John D. Spreckels (water transport, railroads, sugar) – California • Leland Stanford (railroads) – California • Cornelius Vanderbilt (water transport, railroads) – New York • Charles Tyson Yerkes (street railroads) – Chicago

50. Laissez – Faire Capitalism • Government should not interfere with private businesses • Businesses took advantage of people and abused workers’ rights • Businesses did “anything to turn a larger profit” • Government Special Considerations • Granted special privileges to business owners • Gave free land to railroad owners by stealing it from rightful owners