The Rise of the Aristotelian World View

1. Scientific Revolutions Middle Ages The Rise of the Aristotelian World View

2. The Rise of the Aristotelian World View 1. Latin translations of the Greek tradition 2. Medieval Universities 3. Scholasticism

3. Early Middle Ages - Timeline 529: Justinianus shuts down the Academy in Athens 529: The first monastery is created in Monte Cassino 622: Muhammad’s Hegira – Mecca to Medina 711: Moslem conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 732: Tours-Poitiers Battle

5. Islamicate Middle Ages - Timeline 766: Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur (714-775) founds Baghdad. 786-809: Caliph Harunar-Rashid initiates an important translation movement 813-833: Caliph Al-Mam’ounestablishes the Baytal-Hikma 850-870: Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi – Al-kitāb al-mukhtaṣarfīḥisāb al-ğabrwa’l-muqābala

6. al-Khwārizmī 850-780

10. Euclid’s Elements

11. Euclid’s Elements @ 75-125 AD

15. 9th Century

20. Jewish Medieval Translators

23. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274)

25. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (1201-1274) Tusi Pairs – Alternative to the Equant

26. IbnRushd -  Averroës(1126 –1198) Aristotelian Philosophy of Nature, independently of religion

27. Middle Ages - Timeline 1085: Spanish reconquista of Toledo 1096: The First Crusades 1142: Euclid translated into Latin (Adelard of Bath) 1204: Fourth crusade, looting of Constantinople 1270: Archimedes works translated into Latin 1348: Black Death in Europe 1453: Ottoman’s conquest of Constantinople 1456: Guttenberg’s printing press 1492: Columbus arrives in America

28. 12th Century Translations into Latin

29. 12th Century Translations into Latin • Raymond, Archbishop of Toledo (from 1125 to 1152)

30. 12th Century Translations into Latin • DominicusGundissalinus - Domingo Gundisalvo(from 1125 to 1152) Al-Fârâbî, De ortuscientiarum, De intellectu Al-GhazâlîMetaphysics, Al-Khwârizmî,  Liber de praticaarismetice Avicenna (IbnSînâ), Anayticaposteriora, Physique, De anima, De Cælo IbnGabirol  (Avicebron), Fonsvitæ (MekorHaim)

31. 12th Century Translations into Latin • Gerard of Cremona(c. 1114–1187) • Ptolemy: Almagest; • Aristotle : Posterior Analytics, Physics, De Caelo, On Generation and Corruption, and Meteorology; • al-Khwarizmi: Algebra • Archimedes: On the Measurement of the Circle • Euclid: Elements of Geometry • Al-Kindi: On Optics • al-Farghani: On Elements of Astronomy on the Celestial Motions • al-Farabi: On the Classification of the Sciences

33. 12th Century Translations into Latin • Gerard of Cremona(c. 1114–1187) • Ptolemy: Almagest; • Aristotle : Posterior Analytics, Physics, De Caelo, On Generation and Corruption, and Meteorology; • al-Khwarizmi: Algebra • Archimedes: On the Measurement of the Circle • Euclid: Elements of Geometry • Al-Kindi: On Optics • al-Farghani: On Elements of Astronomy on the Celestial Motions • al-Farabi: On the Classification of the Sciences

34. 12th Century Translations into Latin • Willhelm of Moerbeke(c. 1270) • Archimedes: • Measurement of the Circle • On Spirals • On Floating Bodies • On the Equilibrium of Planes • Quadrature of the Parabola • On the Sphere and the Cylinder • On Conoids and Spheroids

35. The scholastic tradition (1100-1700) Universities in the 12th century Salamanca – 1209 Montpellier – 1220 Padua - 1222 Salerno – 10th century Bologna – 1088 Paris – 1150 Oxford - 1167

36. The scholastic tradition (1100-1700) Thomas Aquinas(1225 –1274)

37. The scholastic tradition (1100-1700) Universities in the 12th century Liberal Arts - MA Law Theology Medicine

38. The scholastic tradition (1100-1700) Universities in the 12th century קואדריוויום - Quadrivium: אריתמטיקהגיאומטריהאסטרונומיהמוזיקה טריוויום - Trivium: דקדוקרטוריקהלוגיקה

39. The scholastic tradition (1100-1700) Universities in the 12th century Quadrivium: continuous astronomy geometry pure mixed arithmetic music discrete

40. Scholastic Debates and Medieval Science The Aristotelian (Closed) Universe Cosmographia; PetrusApianus, 1539

41. Scholastic Debates and Medieval Science The Aristotelian (Closed) Universe

42. Scholastic Debates and Medieval Science The Hippocratic Tradition and Medieval Medicine Hippocrates of Kos (BC 460–370) • Claudius Galenus(AD 129–c.200)

43. The Hippocratic Tradition • The Canon of Medicine(1025)القانون في الطب‎ al-Qānūnfī al-Ṭibb • IbnSīnā, Avicenna (980–1037) • The Book of Healing(1027) القانون في الطب کتاب الشفاءKitab Al-Shifa

44. The Hippocratic Tradition • Galenus(AD 129–c.200) Humours – ליחות מרה אדומה (דם) מרה לבנה (ריר) מרה צהובה (מרה) מרה שחורה • IbnSīnā(980–1037)

45. The Hippocratic Tradition • Galenus(AD 129–c.200) • Illness:not displeasure of the gods, but an imbalance (dyscrasia) of bodily fluids which were naturally equal in proportion (pepsis) and which had to be restored to balance (eucrasia - wellness, balance) in order for a person to be free from illness. • IbnSīnā(980–1037)

46. The Hippocratic Tradition • Galenus(AD 129–c.200) • Temperaments: (temperare - to mix). In the ideal personality, the complementary characteristics or warm-cool and dry-moist were well balanced. In four less ideal types, one of the four qualities was dominant over all the others. • IbnSīnā(980–1037)

47. The Hippocratic Tradition • Galenus(AD 129–c.200) • Temperaments: • Sanguine • Choleric • Melancholic • Phlegmatic • IbnSīnā(980–1037)

48. Leonhart Thurn-Heisser (1574)

49. The humor of Blood, associated with the liver and with Air, which is the hot and moist element. A person in whom blood predominates is said to be "sanguine," from the Latin "sanguis" (blood).

50. The humor of Yellow Bile, associated with the spleen and with Fire, which is the hot and dry element. A person in whom yellow bile predominates is said to be "choleric," from the Greek "khole" (bile).