Chapter 16:

1. Chapter 16: Life at the Turn of the Century

2. What were some developments in urban planning at the turn of the century? • Louis Sullivan and Daniel Burnham designed skyscrapers. • Frederick Law Olmsted led a movement for urban parks. • Mass transit lines also developed.

3. What were some new technologies that were developed? • Advances in printing made newspapers and books readily available and affordable. Literacy rates soared. • The Wright Brothers pioneered innovations in aircraft. • George Eastman developed the Kodak camera and revolutionized photography.

4. How did education change at the turn of the century? • Between 1865-1895, states passed laws requiring 12-16 weeks of attendance for children between ages 8-14. Memorization and corporal punishment were routine. • Due to industrialization, companies began to need workers with more education and skills. Therefore, high schools developed. • Kindergartens were added at the same time to accommodate working mothers. • While immigrants were encouraged to go to school to increase assimilation, African Americans were greatly discouraged. By 1910, only 3% of African American children went to high school.

5. Explain the different between BTW and WEBD: • Booker T. Washington favored gradual integration by focusing on proving African Americans’ economic value to society through mechanical and agricultural skills. • He founded the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute to further this goal. • WEB DuBois wanted immediate integration. He focused on higher education and wanted the most ‘talented tenth’ of the African American community to gain full access to education and politics. • He founded the Niagara Movement and helped create the NAACP to reach his goal.

6. What were some ways that whites restricted African American men’s right to vote? • If one could not pay the poll tax, one could not vote. For poor sharecroppers, this presented a hardship. • Literacy tests were also administered. Sometimes, African American men were given passages in foreign languages. • To reinstate poor whites, the grandfather clause was passed. This stated that if a man, his father or grandfather had been eligible to voter prior to January 1, 1867, then he could still vote.

7. What Supreme Court case declared segregation legal? • In 1896, Plessy v. Ferguson declared segregation to be constitutional. • Although this was a clear violation of the 14th Amendment, the decision made ‘separate but equal’ facilities legal. • Segregation laws, or Jim Crow laws, flourished throughout the South.

8. What were Ida B. Wells’ concerns regarding race relations? • She called attention to the high incidents of rape and lynching that African Americans were experiencing. • Between 1882 and 1892, over 1,400 African Americans were lynched and rape of African American women was commonplace.

9. What were some new aspects of American leisure at the turn of the century? • Amusement Parks, like Coney Island, sprung up in many cities. • Bicycling allowed more independence, especially for women. • Tennis, Boxing, and Baseball all became popular sports.

10. What were some developments in art and literature? • Newspapers became widespread. Pulitzer and Hearst published sensationalized stories in order to sell more papers. • The Ashcan School of art, influenced by Thomas Eakins and Robert Henri, focused on realism. • Mark Twain was among writers who also focused on realism. Novels and libraries were becoming more popular. George Wesley Bellows “Cliff Dwellers”

11. What were some developments in shopping? • Urban shopping centers • Department stores • Macy’s • Chain stores • Woolworth’s • Advertising • Catalogs • Sears • Rural Free Delivery (RFD)

12. What did Mark Twain call this period in American history? • He coined it the ‘Gilded Age.’ • He believed America looked rich and polished on the outside, but actually had a poor and corrupt underbelly.