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Chapter 4~ Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life 4.1-4.3

Chapter 4~ Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life 4.1-4.3. Organic chemistry. Biological thought: Vitalism (life force outside physical & chemical laws) Berzelius Mechanism (all natural phenomena are governed by physical & chemical laws) Miller

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Chapter 4~ Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life 4.1-4.3

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  1. Chapter 4~ Carbon & The Molecular Diversity of Life • 4.1-4.3

  2. Organic chemistry • Biological thought: • Vitalism(life force outside physical & chemical laws)Berzelius • Mechanism(all natural phenomena are governed by physical & chemical laws)Miller • Carbon tetravalence tetrahedron shape determines function

  3. Hydrocarbons • Only carbon & hydrogen(petroleum; lipid ‘tails’) • Covalent bonding; nonpolar • High energy storage • Isomers(same molecular formula, but different structure & properties) • structural~differing covalent bonding arrangement • geometric~differing spatial arrangement • enantiomers~mirror images pharmacological industry (thalidomide)

  4. Attachments that replace one or more of the hydrogens bonded to the carbon skeleton of the hydrocarbon Each has a unique property from one organic to another Hydroxyl GroupH bonded to O; alcohols; polar (oxygen); solubility in water Carbonyl GroupC double bond to O; At end of HC: aldehyde Otherwise: ketone Functional Groups, I

  5. Carboxyl Group O double bonded to C to hydroxyl; carboxylic acids; covalent bond between O and H; polar; dissociation, H ion Amino GroupN to 2 H atoms; amines; acts as a base (+1) Sulfhydral Groupsulfur bonded to H; thiols Phosphate Groupphosphate ion; covalently attached by 1 of its O to the C skeleton; Functional Groups, II

  6. Functional Groups, Chart 1 • Hydroxyl • Carbonyl • Carboxyl

  7. Functional Groups, Chart 2 • Amino • Sulfhydryl • Phosphate

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