The Arab-Israeli Wars

1. The Arab-Israeli Wars Mr. Ornstein Willow Canyon High School IB: 20th Century War

2. Answer: • What is Zionism? • What was the Diaspora?

3. Arab-Israeli Wars • 1948 to the Present • War for Israeli Independence 1948 • Sinai/Suez War 1956 • Six Day War 1967 • Yom Kippur/October War 1973 • War in Lebanon 1982 • Palestinian Intifada

4. Important People: Theodore Herzl • Founder of the Modern Zionist Movement

5. Important People: Arthur Balfour • British Document Supporting Creation of Jewish State in Palestine • British Controlled Palestine After WWI

6. Important People: Gamal Abdel Nasser • Nationalist Egyptian Leader • Anti-colonial • Pan-Arabist • Strongly anti-Israel • Fights 3 Wars to Destroy Israel

7. Important People: Anwar El Sadat • Leader of Egypt after Nasser • Fights October 1973 War Against Israel • Signs Camp David Peace Accords with Israel • Assassinated

8. Important People: Yasser Arafat • Leader of Palestinian Terrorist Group: PLO • Palestinian Liberation Organization • Lead Terrorist War Against Israel • Claimed to give up violence and support peace process

9. Important People: David Ben-Gurion • Important Israeli Leader • First Israeli Prime Minister

10. Important People: Golda Meir • Golda Meir became Prime Minister of Israel on March 17, 1969. She was described as the "Iron Lady" of Israeli politics years before the epithet became associated with British prime minister, Margaret Thatcher. David Ben-Gurion used to call her "the only man in the Cabinet." Meir was Israel's first woman prime minister and the third woman in the world to hold this office. • Leader during 1973 October War

11. Important People: Menachem Begin • Israeli Prime Minister • Signs Camp David Accord with Sadat

12. Important People: Yitzhak Rabin • Israeli Military Leader • Israeli Prime Minister • Attempts to start peace process with PLO and Arafat • Agrees to give land to Palestinians • Assassinated

13. Ariel Sharon • Israeli Military Hero • Prime Minister • More Aggressive Against Palestinians/Reversed Policies of Rabin

14. Important People: King Hussein • King of Jordan • Plays Important 3rd Party Role in trying to have peace in Middle East • Balances Arab Nationalism with Westernization

15. Important People: Jimmy Carter, Henry Kissinger, Bill Clinton • American Political Leaders who took a very active role in trying to establish peace in the Middle East.

16. Important Terms: Mandate • Term for land formally controlled by the Ottoman Empire taken over by Great Britain after WWI. • Palestine was a British Mandate

17. Important Terms: Palestine • The name Palestine refers to a region of the eastern Mediterranean coast from the sea to the Jordan valley and from the southern Negev desert to the Galilee lake region in the north. Palestine is included between two lines drawn from the Mediterranean eastward—the lower from the southeast corner of the Mediterranean through the southern end of the Dead Sea, and the upper from Tyre to the southern foot of Mount Hermon. Palestine has certain natural boundaries to justify its historical individuality. Palestine embraces the current state of Israel and the Palestinian territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. • “Biblical Holy Land”

18. Important Terms: Partition • To Divide • Palestine was Divided into Jewish-Israel and Muslim-Jordan in 1947 by the British

19. Important Term: Muslim • Someone who follows the religion of Islam. • Muslims Exist All Around the World.

20. Important Term: Arab • 1.a member of a Semitic people inhabiting Arabia and other countries of the Middle East. • 2.a member of any Arabic-speaking people. • Live in Middle East • NOT ALWAYS MUSLIM, but MOSTLY MUSLIM • There were Arabs before Islam

21. Important Term: Palestinian • Palestinian Arabs are terms used to refer to an Arabic-speaking people with family origins in Palestine. The overwhelming majority of uses of the term Palestinians today are in reference to the people, mainly Arabs, whose ancestors inhabited the Region of Palestine before 1918.

22. Important Term: IDF • Israeli Defense Forces • Israel Military • Heavy funding from US

23. 1948 War for Israeli Independence • Shortly After Declaring Independence the Jewish State is attacked by: • Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Yemen vs. Israel • 1948-1949

24. Palestinians Refuse to Live with Jews • Many Palestinians Leave and live has refugees in West Bank and Gaza which were controlled by Jordan and Egypt

25. Results • Israel wins and gains land. • Palestinians live in refugee camps in Gaza and West Bank

26. 1956 Sinai War/Suez Canal Crisis • Nasser Nationalizes Suez Canal and does not allow Israelis to use. • French and British convince Israel to attack

27. Results • Military Victory for Israel. • Israel gains land including Sinai region of Egypt. • Political victory for Nasser and political defeat for France and England • Brings Middle East into Cold War

28. The Six Day War • 1967 • between Israel and Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The nations of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Algeria also contributed troops and arms to the Arab forces.

29. Pre-Emptive War • Israel launched a Pre-Emptive Strike to Start the war. • What does Pre-Emptive mean?

30. Results of 6 Day War • Israeli Military Victory • Israel Gains Territory • At the war's end, Israel had gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, eastern Jerusalem, and the Golan Heights. The results of the war affect the geopolitics of the region to this day.

31. Gaza and West Bank • Palestinian Refugee Camps were Here. • Palestinians left to these areas awaiting destruction of Israel • Now land was controlled by Israelis

32. Gaza and West Bank • Palestinian Refugee Camps were Here. • Palestinians left to these areas awaiting destruction of Israel • Now land was controlled by Israelis

33. Israeli Overconfidence • After 6 Day War Israel was overconfident in military ability. • Convinced Israeli Airforce was strong enough to stop any future attacks.

34. 1973 Yom Kippur War • Israel vs. Egypt, Syria, Iraq • Israel ignores military intelligence pointing to a October 1973 War

35. Egypt and Soviet SAM’s • Soviets Supplied the Egyptians with most up to date Surface to Air Missiles. • In first days of war they shot down many Israeli planes.

36. Yom Kippur 1973 • Holiest Day of Jewish Calendar. • Nation is pretty much shut down as Jews are in Temple and Fasting • Egypt and Syria launch surprise strike. • Egyptian SAM’s take out many Israeli Jets.

37. Israel Counter-Attacks • Massive re-supply from US • Change tactics • Take out Syria First • Take On Egypt • Biggest Tank Battle Ever

38. US/Soviet Showdown As war Ends, Israel is destroying Egyptian Main army and making moves to take over capital of Cairo. USSR threatens to send in troops unless Israel accepts cease-fire US/Nixon raise alert level and threaten to send forces if Soviets get involved Israel accepts cease-fire

39. Results • Israel Ultimately Gains Territory • Cold War Showdown between US and USSR • Egyptian leader Sadat wins major poliltical victory. • Sets stage for Egyptian/Israeli peace talks and ultimate Camp David Accords

41. Camp David Accords • First Peace Treaty between Israel and Arab Country • Israel gives land back to Egypt • Peace between Egypt and Israel

42. Overall Results of the Arab-Israeli Conflict • Israel Gains Land • Camp David Accords • Middle East is part of Cold War

43. Overall Results of Arab-Israeli Conflict • Rise of PLO and Palestinian Terrorism in the Middle East • Rise of Terrorist Groups Hamas and Hezbollah • Israel and Support of Israel is one of the main causes of Terrorism,

44. Overall Results • Israel Occupies Gaza and West Bank where Palestinians moved to. • Intifada-Palestinian Uprising against Israeli control 1990’s and in 2000’s