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From hunting to reindeer herding. After Ice-age. Finland was occupied by people who were roaming after forest reindeer and moose approximately 9000-7000 bfc . Southern Finland was first invaded by Forest reindeer Ragnifer tarandus fennicus .
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After Ice-age • Finland was occupied by people who were roaming after forest reindeer and moose approximately 9000-7000 bfc. • Southern Finland was first invaded by Forest reindeer Ragnifertarandusfennicus. • There are however previous signs of human from 120 000-130 000 bfc. • The main direction of immigration was for man and forest reindeer from east at the beginning. • As the ice melt and the temperature raised the ground started to produce moss, grass and other suitable plants for reindeer. • Reindeer Ragnifertarandushad come south from Norway to Lapland whereas moose, bear and forest reindeer came from southeast. • Birch came to Finland approximately 8500bfc and pine 6000bfc. • It took however 2000 years after the melting, that the conditions were suitable for human been.
Early hunting traditions of reindeer. • Hunting reindeer without firearms required teamwork. • At first hunting was mostly organized so that the deer were killed by a spear or bow and an arrow. • The animals were forced to a natural border, where escaping was hard or impossible. • Most commonly the hunt was arranged so that the deer was forced to a cliff, ravine or equivalent natural border. • At the these early days reindeer was only a part of nutrition and it was hunted mostly in fall. • Spring and summer were time for fishing and winter for beaver, moose, and bear.
Early active hunting methods for deer. • 1 Gathering the deer. • 2. Forcing the deer to natural border.
Fences and hunting habits. • To makedrivingeasier SAMI peoplebuiltfencesfromwood. • Thisbecamepossiblewhenpinehadcome to the area of Finland. • Thesefencescanbecatcorized as to main types. • Vuomen: which is a triagularshapedfence and endsup to a big hole. • Hangas: which is built to a ridgeorothernaturalpath. The fencerunsacross the ridgeorequivalent and in the gaps of itthere is deepholeor a gianticsnare.
Vuomen A triangular shaped fence system was used to force the deer to the deep pit at the end of the fence system.
Hangas 1. ”Border type” The deer were forced to face a hangas. At the gaps of the fence system there was a pit without speers or etc.
Hangas 2. Hangas could be built to follow the forcing direction and the natural path.
The hangas of Sotkajärvi at Lemmenjoki. At Sotkajärvi the hangas was placed to the end of a cape. The catch was limited by the fact that when the pits were filled the deer were able to get by the fence.
The gradual change to herding • The co-operativehuntlead to reindeerherding at 1600. • The changewasnotdramatic. • At firstsomereindeerweretaken to act as mules and as stored food. • Peoplestarted to realizethattheycouldsemitamereindeer and killitwhen the meatwasactuallyneededratherthanconstanlyhunting. • As a part of thischangewerefireams, which made huntingeasier. • The factthatfinshadforced Sami people to alwaysnarrowerspacewaspartly the reason to changetowardsherding.
Early herding 1600-1852 • At first herding was done following the natural move of reindeer. • In the summertime the reindeer came to shores of Arctic Ocean, to run away from mosquitoes. • In the fall the reindeer returned to Finland where the wintering grounds were. • This free roaming ended up at 1852 when Norway and Russia agreed of closing the border. • This lead to a situation where Sami people had to move to new areas and to deer thievery that happens still.
Sallivaara as an example area. • As ”fins´” forced the SAMI people to movenorher, the Sami peoplefound new setlingareasall the wayup to Ice Sea. • At first the SAMI peopleliveddepending on hunting and fishing at the Sallivaararegion. • Remainants of thiscanbestillseen at the ridges and at sandyareasnear Repo and Sallijoki. • The naturalpahts of reindeerstillroamalongsiderivers, ridges and swamps. • On thesepahtareaslines of deepholescanstillbeseen. • Near the remainingholesthere is a reindeerround-uparea. • Thisroundupareaservedfrom 1897 to 1964. • Nowthisarea is rebuilt and serves as an museum. • By looking at the reindeerround-uparea and the fencesystemiteasy to understandhowhuntingturned to herding. • The basicconstruction of fencing is similar to the hunting ”hangas” and ”vuomen”fences. • In stead of killing the reindeer, know the deerwassepareted in the corralby the ownership.
Sallijärvi Hangas At Sallijärvi the hangas was placed to a ridge by a lake and a river. As the first pits got filled up there were still more to come. This ridge is a natural path for the reideer even today.
