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D e s e r t

M a k i b a. D e s e r t. M o n s o o n. 和辻「風土」　の考え方. 「人と自然の相互作用環」としての 地球環境問題 ータクラマカン砂漠の気候変動をめぐってー 名古屋 Oct. 19, 2006 佐藤洋一郎 （総合地球環境学研究所）. Mugi-area. Grass species with annual habit that adapt to semi-dry zone including wheat, barley and oat. 400mm ann. rainfall. 稲. 麦. D e s e r t.

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D e s e r t

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  1. M a k i b a Desert M o n s o o n 和辻「風土」　の考え方

  2. 「人と自然の相互作用環」としての 地球環境問題 ータクラマカン砂漠の気候変動をめぐってー 名古屋 Oct. 19, 2006 佐藤洋一郎 （総合地球環境学研究所）

  3. Mugi-area Grass species with annual habit that adapt to semi-dry zone including wheat, barley and oat. 400mm ann. rainfall 稲 麦 Desert M o n s o o n (summer-rain area)

  4. Tenshan mountains Tarim basin

  5. Shaohe site

  6. Wheat grains excavated

  7. ■ DNA archaeology

  8. Hexaploid 　　 ・・・ＡＴＣＧＧＴ・・・ Tetraploid 　　 ・・・ＡＴＣＴＧＴ・・・ Application of a restrict enzyme,

  9. 4X 6X 1 2 3 4 6X 4X gel

  10. Diploid Tetraploid Hexaploid Require-ment of water and fertilizer

  11. Calculation Wheat consumption 100-150kg / capita / year Population in Loulan 17000 Productivity 0.2-1t / ha Required area 1700-12750 ha

  12. Big wood Cow horn Plant remains Much water was available 3000years ago

  13. A cow consumes 3.3 tons of grass per year (S. Kanae, personal communication) Yield of grassland = ca. 0.4 - 4 tons per hectare A cow requires ca. 0.8-8 hectare of grassland Minimum Population Size=1000-2000 Required area for cow =800-16000 hectare

  14. 28000ha

  15. 「さまよえる湖」（下巻 p.53) （ヘディン著，福田訳 岩波文庫）

  16. Question: History of desertification Mechanisms of desertification

  17. Literatures

  18. In the 4th century of Loulan kingdom, food shortage became serious due to population increase. Therefore, humans begun double cropping that caused saline-soil problems due to inappropriate irrigation (Yamada, 2005)

  19. 玄奘三蔵インドへの旅 In a kingdom he visited, more than 4000 monks lived 高昌国あと

  20. From S. Hedin (1934)

  21. 50m 20km Shaohe

  22. 4920±50yrs

  23. 20km Shaohe

  24. 50m 20km Shaohe

  25. Map around 3000 – 4000 yrs. BP. Map around 3000 – 4000 yrs.BP Mugi Zone Rice zone

  26. Conclusion: • Takramakan desert has been wetland that wheat agriculture and stock-farming practiced. • A kingdom in this area, Loulan (ca.1600-2400BP.) had fertile land of at leastca. 17 sq.km for wheat, and 8sq.km for cattle. • Desertification of Takramakan desert was caused at least partly by human activities, such as heavy irrigation or waste of water.

  27. Food crisis Chemicals Breeding Irrigation Loss of Species-diversity Epidemic Genetic erosion Problem soils Water problems Climate change Desertification Deforest Epidemic (humans)

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