Differentiated Instruction

1. Differentiated Instruction “When teachers recognize diversity in their students, in terms of how and what they identify with and how they learn, and when this recognition is reflected in how teachers teach, students are free to discover new and creative ways to solve problems, achieve success, and become lifelong learners.” (Ferguson et al., 2005)

2. Introduction • students come individually packaged – we don’t buy in bulk • although the curriculum is standard, the instruction doesn’t have to be • must attack teaching from all different perspectives – to ensure all students needs, abilities and strengths are being addressed • students also need different opportunities to demonstrate their learning – hence D.A. • choice is key – both in lesson delivery and assessment • gradual release of responsibility – teach them how to learn in ways that work for them • focus on the process, not the product – the ‘how’, not the ‘what’

3. What is DI? ‘Differentiated instruction’ is . . . “. . .effective instruction that is responsive to student’s readiness, interests, and learning preferences.” Ministry Publication

4. Easy to remember . . . Interests R. I. P. Preferences Readiness

5. R.I.P. explained Readiness Measuring the student’s prior knowledge leading into the topic Interests What are the students interested in learning about? Preferences Different ways individual learners prefer to acquire, process, and work with information

6. Is this making sense???

7. Consider these classrooms: Classroom 3: Ms. Cassell has planned her year around a few key concepts that will help students relate to, organize, and retain what they study in history. She has also developed principles or generalizations that govern or uncover how the concepts work. Further, for each unit, she has established a defined set of facts and terms that are essential for students to know to be literate and informed about the topic. She has listed skills for which she and the students are responsible as the year progresses. Finally, she has developed essential questions to intrigue her students and to cause them to engage with her in a quest for understanding. Ms. Cassell's master list of facts, terms, concepts, principles, and skills stems from her understanding of the discipline of history as well as from the district's learning standards. As the year evolves, Ms. Cassell continually assesses the readiness, interests, and learning profiles of her students and involves them in goal setting and decision making about their learning. As she comes to understand her students and their needs more fully, she modifies her instructional framework and her instruction. Classroom 2: Mrs. Baker is also teaching about ancient Rome. She gives her students graphic organizers to use as they read the textbook chapter and goes over the organizers with the class so that anyone who missed details can fill them in. She brings in pictures of the art and the architecture of the period and tells how important the Romans were in shaping our architecture, language, and laws. When she invites some students to dress in togas for a future class, someone suggests bringing in food so that they can have a Roman banquet—and they do. One day, students do a word-search puzzle of vocabulary words about Rome. On another day, they watch a movie clip that shows gladiators and the Colosseum and talk about the favored "entertainment" of the period. Later, Mrs. Baker reads aloud several myths, and students talk about the myths that they remember from 6th grade. When it's time to study for the test, the teacher lets students go over the chapter together, which they like much better than working at home alone, she says. She also wants students to like studying about Rome, so she offers a choice of 10 projects. Among the options are creating a poster listing important Roman gods and goddesses, their roles, and their symbols; developing a travel brochure for ancient Rome that a Roman of the day might have used; writing a poem about life in Rome; dressing dolls like citizens of Rome or drawing the fashions of the time; building a model of an important ancient Roman building or a Roman villa; and making a map of the Holy Roman Empire. Students can also propose their own topic. Classroom 1: Mr. Appleton is teaching about ancient Rome. His students are reading the textbook in class today. He suggests that they take notes of important details as they read. When they finish, they answer the questions at the end of the chapter. Students who don't finish must do so at home. Tomorrow, they will answer the questions together in class. Mr. Appleton likes to lecture and works hard to prepare his lectures. He expects students to take notes. Later, he will give a quiz on both the notes and the text. He will give students a study sheet before the test, clearly spelling out what will be on the test. Which classroom do you see yourself in? Which classroom do you think your students would learn best in?

8. Why Differentiate? Lecture (5%) Reading (10%) Audio/Visual (20%) Demonstration (30%) Discussion Group (50%) Practice by Doing (75%) Teach Others (90%) Percentage of Retention (Hume)

9. Essentially . . . “By attending at various times, to a learner’s readiness, interests, and learning preferences, we increase the likelihood that the students will be able to build new learning through connection to existing knowledge and preferred ways of working and that they will be engaged in the learning.” Ministry Publication KEY COMPONENTS

10. Offering choice • Differentiated instruction involves: • Using assessment to gather information about students’ readiness, interests and learning preferences (e.g. KWL, interest inventories, learner profiles . . .) • Using this information to differentiate the learning environment, instruction, and assessment and evaluation (e.g. group work, graphic organizers, simulations, learning stations, RAFT’s . . .) • Selecting from a varied repertoire of strategies to meet the particular needs of students

11. Where do I fit? A continuum . . . Developing the Routines, Habits and Skills for Differentiated Instruction Sustaining a Differentiated Instruction Culture in the Classroom Developing Instructional Routines and Skills Expanding Instructional Routines and Skills Little Differentiation Much Differentiation

12. How much DI? 80/20

13. Final thoughts. . . • we have a moral obligation to teach students – not program • we CAN manipulate the program to fit individual students’ needs • focus on skill development – not just content • put yourself in their shoes – how would you want to learn? • DI is not catering to each learner every day – the goal should be grouping based on learning preference/ability • don’t offer too much choice either (2-4 options max.) • 80/20

14. Special thanks to . . . Matt Biggley – PD Co-ordinator Chris Thomas – Co-facilitator Karen Hume – DI PD Instructor Educational Leadership (http://pdonline.ascd.org/pd_online/diffinstr/el199909_tomlinson.html) Curriculum Services Canada – Differentiated Instruction: Beginning the Conversation (Webcast)

15. And now. . . DIFFERENTIATED ASSESSMENT