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科技英语翻译

科技英语翻译. -- 授课人 孔令翠. 第 1 章 概 论. 第一节 翻译的标准. 翻译:把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的一种语言交流活动。 翻译的标准:严复之信达雅。 信:忠实原作;达:通顺明白;雅:风格优美。 一般标准:忠实通顺。 忠实:完整准确,风格一致;. 通顺:明白易懂,复合规范。 科技英语翻译标准: 准确规范,通顺易懂,简洁明晰。. 译者素养: 扎实的双语基础; 良好的科学素养; 精湛的翻译技能; 严谨的翻译道德。. 科技英语主要文体特点. 多使用第三人称; 多使用被动语态; 多使用专业术语;

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科技英语翻译

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  1. 科技英语翻译 --授课人 孔令翠

  2. 第1章 概 论 • 第一节 翻译的标准 • 翻译:把一种语言文字所表达的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的一种语言交流活动。 • 翻译的标准:严复之信达雅。 • 信:忠实原作;达:通顺明白;雅:风格优美。 • 一般标准:忠实通顺。 • 忠实:完整准确,风格一致;

  3. 通顺:明白易懂,复合规范。 科技英语翻译标准: 准确规范,通顺易懂,简洁明晰。 译者素养: 扎实的双语基础; 良好的科学素养; 精湛的翻译技能; 严谨的翻译道德。

  4. 科技英语主要文体特点 多使用第三人称; 多使用被动语态; 多使用专业术语; 多使用非谓语动词; 多使用长句。

  5. 翻译的过程 • 一、 理解阶段 • 1.理解语言现象 : • It will strengthen you to know that your distinguished career is so widely respected and appreciated. • 当您认识到您的杰出事业是如此广泛的受到人们的尊敬和赞赏时,您就会为自己增添力量。 • John can be relied on. He eats no fish and plays the game. • 他既忠诚又懂规矩。 • 2.理解逻辑关系 • The 20 th century will not be remembered as the era when space was conquered or the power of the atom harnessed but that in which were made the first machines having intelligence. 如果在20世纪不制造出具有首批智能机器,我们就不会称20世纪为征服宇宙世纪或利用原子能世纪。 • It is physically impossible for a well-educated.intellectual.or brave man to make money the chief object of his thoughts;as physicallly impossible as it is for him to make his dinner the principal object of them. • 一个受过良好教育、有知识或有胆识的人实在不可能把金钱作为他孜孜以求的主要目标,正如他不可能把吃饭当作最主要的目标一样。

  6. 3.理解原文所涉及的事物 • The elevator boys ooze the spit and polish of West Point cadets and in polite English remind you that you must not smoke inside their lifts. • 开电梯的人像西点军校学生那样衣着整洁,劲头十足,并用彬彬有礼的英语提醒乘客不得在电梯内吸烟。 • spit and polish (陆,海军等)过分注意整洁和闪亮的仪容 • The site ideally should have sufficient lands to provide a buffer zone between the facility and the public surrounding it . • 理想的处理现场在设施及周围公共环境之间应有足够的隔离带。

  7. 二、表达阶段 • 采取直译、意译等方式(具体见下节)表达 • 1. 直译 • Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War but in a few years, he was completely defeated. • 希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的,可是不过几年,就被彻底击败了。 • In some automated plants electronic computers  • control the entire production  line.  • 在某些自动化工厂,电子计算机控制整个生产线。

  8. 2. 意译 • Do you see any green in my eye? • 你以为我是好欺骗的吗? • He was seized with the despairing sense of his helplessness. • 他忽然产生了束手无策的绝望感觉。 • It is easy to compress a gas,it is just a matter of reducing the space between the molecules. Like a liquid a gas has no shape,but unlike a liquid it will expand and fill any container it is put in. • 气体很容易压缩,那只不过是缩小分子之间距离而已。气体和液体一样没有形状,但又不同于液体,因为气体会扩张并充满任何盛放它容器。

  9. 直译与意译 直译:强调“形似”,指基本保留原有句子结构与内容而不做大的改动,照字面意思翻译。 The outcome of a test is not always predictable. 试验的结果并非总是可以预料的。 意译:强调“神似”,是在不损害原文内容和精神的前提下,为了表达的需要,突破原文的形式束缚,以释义的方式对原文作相应的调整。 The designer must have access to stock lists of the materials he employs. 设计师必须备有所使用材料的储备表。 科技英语翻译常用方法

  10. 合译与分译 • 合译:把两个及以上的简单句或复合句用一个单句翻译出来。 • The most important of the factors affecting plant growth is that it requires the supply of water. • 植物生长的各因素中最重要的是水的供应。 • 分译:把原文的一个简单句中的词、词组或短语译成汉语的一个句子,从而使原文又一句变成译文的两句或以上。 • These fragments of rock and iron range from a thousand kilometers in diameter to less than one. • 这些石块与铁块碎片的大小不等。大的直径达1000公里,小的还不到1公里。

  11. 增译与省译 • 增译:在译文中增加英语原文省略或者虽无其词却又其义的词语,使译文技能准确表达原文的含义,又更复合汉语的表达习惯与修辞需要。 • Many elements in nature are found to be mixtures of different isotopes. • 人们发现,自然界里许多元素,都是各种不同的同位素的混合物。 • 省译:将一些词语省略不译,使译文简洁准确。 • That like charges repel but opposite charges attract is one of the fundamental laws of electricity. • 同性电荷相斥异性电荷相吸是电学的一条基本定律。

  12. 顺译与倒译: • 顺译:按照与原文相同或相似的语序进行翻译。 • Space programs demand tremendous quantities of liquid hydrogen and oxygen as rocket fuel. • 航天计划需要大量的液氢和液氧作为火箭的燃料。 • 倒译:采用完全不同于原文顺序的方法进行翻译。 • Too large a current must not be used. • 不得使用过大的电流。 • 小结:译无定法。译者可以在具体的翻译实践中创造性地灵活地使用不同的翻译方法。只要取得最佳的翻译效果,不管采取哪种翻译方法都可以。

  13. But a broader and more generous, certainly more philosophical, view is held by those scientists who claim .that the evidence of a war instinct in men is incomplete and misleading, and that man does have within him the power of abolishing war. • 这个句子的主句部分可以意译,从句部分可直译。 • 有些科学家的观点更开阔,更富有普遍性和哲理性。他们指出,有关人类战争本能的证据尚不完全,而且容易引起误解,事实上,人类自身具有消除战争的能力。

  14. There is not much to choose between men. They are all a hotchpotch of greatness and littleness, of virtue and vice, of nobility and baseness. Some have more strength of character, or more opportunity, and so in one direction or another give their instincts freer play, but potentially they are the same. For my part, I do not think I am any better or any worse than most people, but I know that if I set down every action in my life and every thought that has crossed my mind, the world would consider me a monster of depravity. The knowledge that these reveries are common to all men should inspire one with tolerance to oneself as well as to others. It is well also if they enable us to look upon our fellows, even the most eminent and respectable, with humor, and if they lead us to take ourselves not too seriously.

  15. 参考译文: • 人和人之间没什么大的差别。他们皆是伟大与渺小,善良与邪恶,高尚与低俗的混合体。有的人性格比较坚毅,机会也比较多,因而达个或那个方面,能够更自由地发挥自己的禀赋,但是人类的潜能却都是相同的。至于我自己,我认为自己并不比大多数人更好或者更差,但是我知道,假如我记下我生命中每一次举动和每一个掠过我脑海的想法的话,世界就会将我视为一个邪恶的怪物。每个人都会有这样的怪念头,这样的认识应当能够启发我们宽容自己,也宽容他人。同时,假如因此我们得以用幽默的态度看待他人,即使是天下最优秀最令人尊敬的人,而且假如我们也因此不把自己看得过于重要,那是很有裨益的。

  16. 第二章: 词的翻译 • 第一节 词义的选择 • 由于语言中普遍存在一词多类和一词多义现象,因此在翻译时需要确定词类和词义,并在此基础上选择恰当的词义进行翻译。 • 1.根据词类选择和确定词义: • 选择某个词的词义,首先要判明这个词在原句中应届哪一种词类,然后再进一步确定其词义。 • Like charges repel; unlike charges attract . • like用作形容词,它的汉语对应意义是"相同的",因此全句可以译为,"相同的电荷相斥,不同的电荷相吸"。但在下面各句中,like又分属其他几个不同词类. • 1)He likes mathematics more than physics. • 他喜欢数学甚于喜欢物理学。(动词)

  17. 2) In the sunbeam passing through the windows there are fine grains of dust shining like gold. • 在射入窗内的阳光里,细微的尘埃象金子一般在闪闪发亮。(介词) • 3) Like cures like. 以毒攻毒。Like likes like. 物以类聚。 • (名词) • 3.根据词的搭配选择词义 • large (see Page 19): • large current 强电流 large pressure 高电压 • a large amount of electric power 大量的电力 • large loads 重载 • large-screen receiver 宽屏电视接收机 • large capacity 高容量 large growing 生长快的

  18. 4. 根据学科与专业选择词义据专业定词义。The sun is the central body of the solar system. • 太阳是太阳系的中心天体。The speed of a plane is associated with the shape of its body and wings. • 飞机的速度与机身及机翼的形状有关。The body needs special exercise in a spaceship to suit the weightless conditions. • 人体需要在宇宙飞船中进行专门训练才能适应失重状态。 • 因此,在翻译时弄清所译对象所属的专业学科至关重要,否则就可能张冠李戴,文不对题。

  19. 英文中一词多义的现象非常普遍。It is quite another story now. • 现在情况完全不同了。The officials concerned refused to confirm the story in the Post. • 有关官员拒绝证实《邮报》的这条消息。The white-haired girl’s story is one of the saddest. • 白毛女的遭遇可算是最悲惨的。A young man came to police station with a story. 一个年轻人来到警察局报案。

  20. 第2节 词义的引申 • 词的引申义 :在多义词的几个意义中,由本义派生出来的意义叫引申义。引申义与本义具有相似与相关性。词义引申主要使用词义转译、词义具体化的方法实现。 • 引申的类型: • 1.技术性引申:目的是符合技术语言规范。 • The cause of rolling resistance is the deformation of mating surfaces of the rolling element and the raceway on which it rolls. • 滚动阻力的起因在于滚动体的配合面和它滚动的滚道的变形。 • 2. 修辞性引申:目的在于使译文语言流畅,文句通顺,符合汉语的表达习惯。

  21. The splitting of uranium nucleus is accompanied by the release of very considerable amounts of energy. • 随着铀核的裂变,会有极其巨大的能量会释放出来。 • 3. 具体化引申:把原有的语句中含义比较概括、抽象、笼统的词引申为意思较为具体的词,使译文概念清楚明白,符合汉语表达习惯。 • The distance between the two plates is small compared with their linear dimensions. • 两板之间的距离相对于其宽度和长度而言比较小。 • 4. 抽象化引申:在不需强调具体名称或作用时使用。 • The facts have been set down in black and white. • 这些事实已经清清楚楚地记录下来了。

  22. 词义转译:有些词照搬辞典义翻译会使译文晦涩,含混,甚至造成误解。这时就应根据上下文逻辑关系引申转译。Cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary particle physics. • 宇宙膨胀论是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上得出的似乎可信的推论。 • Optics technology is one of the most sensational developments in recent years.光学技术是近年来轰动一时的科学成就之一。 • The beauty of lasers is that…激光的妙处在于…(不译“美丽”)

  23. 词义具体化:即把原文中意义较笼统、抽象的词,根据汉语表达习惯,引申为意义较明确、具体的词。词义具体化:即把原文中意义较笼统、抽象的词,根据汉语表达习惯,引申为意义较明确、具体的词。 • The specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail. 一般来说,一国政府对其科研机构提出的具体要求是无法详细预测的。 • Monitors that will disable them when they offend.如果汽车排污超标,监控器就会使其停止行使。 • Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more unnatural food. • 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度:使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。

  24. 第3节 词类的转换 • 词类的转换:将英语中的词类转换成汉语的另外的词类,以便更好地表达原文思想内容,译文更加顺畅自然,避免机械的硬译死译。 • 一般来说,词类转译技巧的运用可从以下四个方面加以注意。 • 1、转译成动词。 • 英语中的某些名词、介词、副词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的动词。 • The lack of any special excretory system is explained in a similar way. • 植物没有专门的排泄系统,可用同样的方式加以说明。(名词转译) • As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. • 他跑出去时,忘记了穿鞋子。

  25. 2、转译成名词。 • 英语中的某些动词、形容词,翻译时可转换成汉语中的名词。 • The earth on which we live is shaped a ball. • 我们居住的地球,形状象一个大球。(动词转译) • The doctor did his best to cure the sick and the wounded. • 医生尽了最大的努力来治疗病号和伤员。(形容词转译)

  26. 3、转译成形容词 • 英语中有些作表语或宾语的抽象名词,以及某些形容词派生的名词,往往可转译成汉语中的形容词。 • 另外,当英语动词转译成汉语名词时,原来修饰该动词的副词也往往随之转译成汉语中的形容词。 • It is no use employing radar to detect objects in water. • 使用雷达探测水下目标是没有用的。(作表语的名词转译) • The sun affects tremendously both the mind and body of a man . • 太阳对人的身体和精神都有极大的影响。(副词转译)

  27. 4、转译成副词 • 英语中的某些名词、形容词,翻译时可转译成汉语中的副词。 • When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor . • 只要一发现有可能反对他的人,他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这些人争取过来。(名词转译) • He had the fortune to be able to make the operations that are taking place closer to where the data is actually stored. • 他幸运地在更接近数据实际存储的情况下进行操作。

  28. We also realized the growing need and necessity to industrialize certain sectors of the economy. 我们也认识到越来越需要使某些经济部门实行工业化。 • This dark forecast speaks of the destruction of the balance of nature-pollution waste and hunger. • 这种阴暗的预测谈到自然界的平衡将遭到破坏——谈到污染、浪费和饥饿。 • Scientists are confident that all matter is indestructible. • 科学家们深信,所有物质都是不灭的。 • They went out after new mineral resources day by day. • 他们天天外出寻找新矿源。

  29. 第4节 词的增译 • 增译:指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式,在翻译时增添一些词、短句或句子,以便更准确地表达出原文所包含的意义,保证译文语法结构的完整和意思的明确 。主要有增译名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、量词、名词复数、时态词概括词、连词、转折词等。 • (1)What about calling him right away? • 马上给他打个电话,你觉得如何? (增译主语和谓语) • (2)If only I could see the realization of the four modernizations. • 要是我能看到四个现代化实现该有多好啊!(增译主句) • (3) Indeed, the reverse is true. • 实际情况恰好相反。(增译名词) • (4) Even the people in the fascist countries were stripped of their human rights. • 就是法西斯国家本国的人民也被剥夺了人权。(增译物主代词)

  30. My work, my family and my friends were more than enough to fill my time. • 我工作,料理家务,与朋友交往。这些事我简直忙不过来。(增译语义) • Whether we realize it or not, each of us carries about with us a mental blueprint or picture of ourselves.  • 无论我们是否意识到,我们每个人心中都有一幅宏伟蓝图或美好前景。(增译语义) • The main purpose of Women’s Liberation is to free women from the restricted role which society has assigned to them.   • 妇女解放运动的主要目的是把妇女从社会分配的受束缚的地位中解放出来。(增译语义) • Theory is something, but practice is everything.   • 理论固然重要,但实践尤其重要。(增译副词语义)

  31. Reading makes a full man;conference (…) a ready man;writing (…) an exact man.  • 读书使人充实,讨论使人机智,写作使人缜密。 • I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble. • 我曾碰到过这样的情况:不是氧气设备出故障,就是发动机出故障,或者两者都出故障。 (增译省略的名词) • An object is said to be hot if its temperature is much higher than that of our bodies, or cold if temperature is much lower.  • 如果物体的温度比我们的体温高的多的话,我们就说它热。相反,如果它的温度比我们的体温低的多的话我们就说它冷。(增译结构)

  32. 第5节 词的省译 • 这是与增译法相对应的一种翻译方法,即删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词,以避免译文累赘。增译法的例句反之即可。省词译法指的是把原文中需要而译文中不需要的单词、词组等在翻译过程中加以省略。这种省略一般是出于译文中语义或修辞、语法或习惯表达法的需要。但省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删除,而应视情况而定。省译的方式主要有省译冠词、代词、介词、连词、动词、there be等。

  33. (1)You will be staying in this hotel during your visit in Beijing. • 你在北京访问期间就住在这家饭店里。(省译物主代词) • (2)I hope you will enjoy your stay here. • 希望您在这儿过得愉快。(省译物主代词) • (3) The Chinese government has always attached great importance to environmental protection. • 中国政府历来重视环境保护工作。(省译名词) • (4)When Rontgen put his hand before X-ray, he saw the bones of his hands only. • 伦琴把手放在X射线前面时,只见到手上的骨头。(省译代词) • (5)If winter comes, can spring be far behind? • 冬天来了,春天还会远吗?(省译连词)

  34. Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. • 伽里略最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空,以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转,而不是围绕地球旋转。 • The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use. • 石油供应可能随时被切断;不管怎样,以目前的这种消费速度,只需30年左右所有的油井都会枯竭。 • Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historian and philosophers of science. • 多年来,工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉,在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家忽视了。

  35. 第6节 词的重复 • 定义:重复在译文中已经出现过的词语。 • 目的:使译文更加和富有表现力。 • 1. 重复名词: • The properties of gas are quite different from those of liquid. • 气体的性质与液体的性质大不相同。(重复名词) • 2. 重复动词: • Matter changes not only in state but also in volume. • 物质不仅形态变化,体积也变化。(重复动词)

  36. The end of law is not to abolish or restrain, but to preserve and enlarge freedom. • 法律的目的不是要废止或限制自由,而是要保护并扩 • 大自由。 • As a mathematician, she should understand and use the electronic computer better. • 作为一个数学家,她应该更好地了解计算机,更好地 • 使用计算机。 • Reading exercises one’s eyes; speaking one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind. • 阅读训练人的眼睛,说话训练人的口才,写作训练人 • 的思维。

  37. 翻译训练 • When all the students had a cup of coffee in hand, the professor said: "If you noticed, all the nice looking expensive cups were taken up, leaving behind the plain and cheap ones. While it is normal for you to want only the best for yourselves, that is the source of your problems and stress. •   "What all of you really wanted was coffee, not the cup, but you consciously went for the best cups and were eyeing each other's cups. • Now consider this: Life is the coffee and the jobs, money and position in society are the cups. They are just tools to hold and contain Life, and do not change the quality of Life. Sometimes, by concentrating only on the cup, we fail to enjoy the coffee God has provided. So, don't let the cups drive you ... enjoy the coffee instead."

  38. “如果你们注意一下,就可以发现所有好看的贵的杯子都给挑走了,剩下的只是那些普通的和便宜的。当然,每个人都想给自己挑到那个最好的,这很正常,但这也正是你们的问题和压力根源之所在。” •    “其实你们真正想要的是咖啡,而不是杯子,但你们却又都下意识去挑选最好的杯子,并观察别人拿到的杯子。” •   “试想:如果生活是杯中的咖啡,工作、财富和社会地位就是那些杯子。它们只是维持生活的工具而已,并不改变生活质量。有时候,我们在过于关注杯子的同时却忘了去品味上帝赐予的咖啡。所以,不要成为杯子的奴隶。好好地享受品味杯中的咖啡。”

  39. 第3章 名词和冠词的翻译 • 第1节 名词的译法 • 英语名词的种类:普通名词、专有名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词等。 • 具体翻译方法主要有: • 一、直译 • A capacitor is used to eliminate sparking when a circuit containing inductance is suddenly opened. • 当含有电感的电路突然断开时,可用电容器消除火花。

  40. 二、重复 • The longest light waves we can see are red, the shortest violet, and in between are other colors. • 可见光波中最长的是红色,最短的光波是紫色,其他颜色的光波介于这两者之间。 • 三、增译 • According to the molecular theory the temperature of an object depends on the average speed of its molecules. • 根据分子理论的原理,物体的温度取决于其分子的平均速度。 • 四、转译 • The primary concern of electrical engineering is the doing of work by the delivery of energy. • 电工学主要关注的是通过输送能量做工的情况。 • Computers are of great help to scientists and engineers that is why they are widely used in different branches of science and engineering. • 计算机对科学家和工程技术人员是非常有用的,这就是计算机被广泛应用于科学和工程各个领域的原因。

  41. 五、省译 • Because of its simplicity, economy, and durability, the induction motor is more widely used for industrial purposes than any other type of a.c. motor, especially a high-speed drive is desired. • 与其它型号的交流电机相比,感应电动机因其简单、经济与耐用而被广泛应用于工业,特别是在高速驱动时更是如此。

  42. Drills: 1. If one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. 如果想一想为学生所设置的那些门类繁多的课程, 我们不难发现, 学生要选一门符合自己兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。 2. To scientists, the experience of studying samples obtained from below the ocean floor is like in the library of a lost civilization.在科学家看来,对从海底得到的样品进行研究就像在图书馆里对失传文明进行研究一样。

  43. 第2节 冠词的译法 • 冠词的种类:不定冠词与定冠词 • 不定冠词视情况译为“一”、“每”、“每一”或不译。 • Being a good insulator, rubber is often used in cables. • 橡胶是一种良好的绝缘体,所以经常用在电缆上。 • The patient was administered the mixture twice a week. • 这种混合剂病人每周服用两次。

  44. An object at rest has no kinetic energy, its velocity being zero. • 静止的物体没有动能,因为其速度为零。 • 定冠词视情况分别译为“一”、“该”、“这”、“那”、“这些”、“那些”等,或不译。 • The machine is intended for grinding the top and bottom surfaces of tungsten carbide tips. • 该机床是供磨削硬质合金刀片上下表面用的。 • The intricate controls and the guidance system have little to do with the force needed for getting a rocket off the ground. • 那些复杂的控制装置和导航系统与使火箭离开地面所需要的力关系不大。 • The basic job of the computer is the processing of information. • 计算机的基本任务是处理信息。

  45. 翻译练习 1. We need a Washington today。 今天我们需要像华盛顿那样的人物。 2. The city is a London in miniature。 那个城市就像是个“小伦敦”。 3. A Mr. Smith called this morning。 有位叫史密斯的先生今天早上来过电话。 4. It is out of the question to fly to the moon in the past.在过去,飞往月球是绝对办不到的事情。

  46. Though there is much to be concerned about, there is far, far more for which to be thankful. Though life’s goodness can at times be overshadowed, it is never outweighed. • Take a moment to let the goodness of life touch your spirit and calm your thoughts. Then, share your good fortune with another. For the goodness of life grows more and more magnificent each time it is given away. • Though the problems constantly scream for attention and the conflicts appear to rage ever stronger, the goodness of life grows stronger still, quietly, peacefully, with more purpose and meaning than ever before.

  47. 尽管有很多事让人忧虑,但相比而言,值得感激的事要多得多。尽管生命的美好有时被蒙上阴影,但它却永远不会被埋没。尽管有很多事让人忧虑,但相比而言,值得感激的事要多得多。尽管生命的美好有时被蒙上阴影,但它却永远不会被埋没。 • 花些时间让生命的美好感动自己的灵魂,放松自己的思绪。然后,把你的幸运与他人分享。因为生命的美好会在每次给予之间变得越来越壮观。 • 尽管总是有问题让你去关注,冲突也似乎愈演愈烈,但生命的美好却总是静静地,平和地,带着比以往更强的意志和更多的价值变得更加强大。

  48. 第4章 代词的翻译 • 代词的种类:人称、物主、反身、相互、指示、疑问、关系、不定与连接代词。 • 第1节 代词的译法 • 一、直译 • In this cell the light incident on the sensitive surface of the cell causes the photo-electric emission of electrons from the surface, and these electrons are attracted to the other electrode. • 在这种电池中,照在电池光敏表面的光引起表面光电效应而发射电子,而这些电子被吸引到另一极。

  49. 二、还原:把所代替的词、词组的意思翻译出来。二、还原:把所代替的词、词组的意思翻译出来。 • Each crystal should have a shape as much like that of the other crystals as possible. • 每一结晶的形状与其它结晶的形状尽可能相似。 • 三、互换:将英语原文中的名词(即先行词)与代替该名词的代词进行相互换位。 • Every element retains its identity no matter how it is finely divided. • 每种元素不论分得怎样细小,它仍保持其特征。 • Astronomers can estimate the size and brightness of a star by its color. 天文学家根据恒星的颜色可以估计它的大小和亮度。

  50. 四、增译:在句首或句中增加“人们”、“有人”、“它们”、“我们”等泛指人称代词,以符合汉语的表达习惯。四、增译:在句首或句中增加“人们”、“有人”、“它们”、“我们”等泛指人称代词,以符合汉语的表达习惯。 It is possible to work backward from the known strength and determine what factor of safety was used. 我们能够由已知的强度反过来求出所用的安全系数。 Each is a solid sphere with a metallic core surrounded by silicate shells. 它们每一颗都由硅酸盐外壳包围着金属内核的固态球体。

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