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Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR):

MPAR Working Group. Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR):. Potential to Support Homeland Defense and Security Missions. Presented to: Interagency Air and Maritime Surveillance Summit II By: The MPAR Working Group Date: 05 June 2008. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

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Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR):

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  1. MPAR Working Group Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR): Potential to Support Homeland Defense and Security Missions Presented to: Interagency Air and Maritime Surveillance Summit II By: The MPAR Working Group Date: 05 June 2008 Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Department of Homeland Security (DHS) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm. (NOAA) Department of Defense (DoD) Office of Federal Coordinator for Met. (OFCM)

  2. MPAR Working Group Dr. James Kimpel Director, National Severe Storms Laboratory (NOAA) MPAR Working Group National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adm. (NOAA) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Department of Defense (DoD) Office of Federal Coordinator for Met. (OFCM) Multifunction Phased Array Radar (MPAR) 2 05 June 2008

  3. Background - MPAR Program Origin NRC Report Beyond NEXRAD (2002), recommends PAR technology be developed as replacement for legacy weather radars In 2004, Federal Committee for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (FCMSSR) directed an interagency Joint Action Group (JAG) be convened to assess R&D priorities for phased array radar OFCM-sponsored JAG published report, “Phased Array Radar R&D Needs and Priorities” in June 2006 DOC / NOAA DOD / DHS DOT / FAA Weather Surveillance Weather & Aircraft Surveillance Noncooperative Aircraft Surveillance SINGLE MPAR SYSTEM Today: OFCM-sponsored MPAR Working Group is working R&D Risk Reduction Strategies / Activities

  4. Why Consider Weather Radar? Multi-mission capability is possible Weather radars already exist at ~190 locations Same technology holds promise for dramatically improving weather surveillance Can detect biological scatterers (birds, insects), smoke, volcanic ash, etc. Large potential cost savings

  5. Existing Locations NEXRADs TDWRs

  6. Nat. Weather Radar Testbed (NWRT) Currently Testing Multi-mission Capability Spy-1 Antenna

  7. Current Research at the NWRT Improved weather surveillance (NOAA, FAA) Simultaneous weather and aircraft surveillance (DHS, FAA, NOAA) Wind farm clutter mitigation (DHS, NOAA) Long-Range Surveillance Non-Cooperative Targets Severe Weather Weather Fronts Chemical Dispersion Terminal Surveillance

  8. ASR-9 ASR-11 2007: ASR-8 • Define concept and R&D roadmap ARSR-1/2 ARSR-3 ARSR-4 Mid 2007-2012: • NWRT Proof-of-concept tests • Develop scaled prototype and critical technologies NEXRAD TDWR 2010 - 2016: • Full-scale prototype &operational test Potential Cost Savings Joint Action Group Recommendations Today Future Concept Stove-pipedApproach: Affordable MultifunctionPhased ArrayRadar (MPAR) • Sustain • PartiallyModernize • Replace Reduced number of radars - potentially saves $2B Consolidated maintenance and logistics infrastructure – potentially saves $3B 510* Radars, 8 Types 334 Radars, 1 Type 5000 ft AGL, Blue, weather only Includes Operational CONUS radar only

  9. Potential Users: DOT/FAA/FHA NOAA/NSSL/NWS DOD/Navy/Army/USAF, DHS NASA, DOA, DOE, DOI, Others MPAR Operational View Long Range Surveillance Severe Weather Non-Cooperative targets Weather Fronts Chemical Dispersion Terminal Surveillance

  10. Mr. William Benner Weather Group Manager AJP-B400 (FAA)

  11. Air Traffic Control Radar Snapshot • Air Traffic is expected to more thandouble by 2025 and will exacerbate the air traffic delay problem • Weather accounts for 70% of all delays • Current weather and surveillance radar networks are aging (new to 40 years old) • Many are nearing the end of their service life • FAA Enterprise Architecture Roadmaps include investment decision points for terminal radars (e.g., replacementvs. SLEP)

  12. NextGen Motivation • NextGen Air Transportation System Integrated Plan stipulates: • “Develop a system-wide capability to Reduce Weather Impacts” • “Research areas to develop enhanced weather observations and forecasts, and integrate them with decision support tools to enhance capacity and efficiency of the airspace while improving safety.” • The FAA is migrating to Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Broadcast (ADS-B) concept • The Surveillance/Positioning Backup Strategy Alternatives Analysis Report : • “recommends that the FAA retain approximately one-half of the Secondary Radar Network as a backup strategy for ADS-B” • “terminal area primary radar coverage will not be reduced from current levels”

  13. MPAR Approach • Potential for radar consolidation and fleet reduction (ASR, TDWR, NEXRAD, ARSR) • Multi-mission capable • Scalable to mission(s) needs • Reduced O&M cost and consolidated maintenance, logistic and training programs. • Improved reliability (electronically scanned vs. rotating) Weather Aircraft

  14. MPAR Assessment • PAR performance is not an issue • Major cost driver is the active array antenna • PAR ‘Active Array’ development should exploit advances in: • Military R&D • Commercial technology/process • Continue investigating advances in technology • New semi-conductor materials • Chip integration • T/R module packaging • Digital architectures • Research & Development Goals • Demonstrate affordability • Verify technology performance (using COTS) • Verify multifunction capability Achieves an Affordable Phased Array Radar

  15. FAA Enterprise Architecture Surveillance and Weather Roadmaps 2011 - Decision Point (77) to implement NextGen primary radar system including weather surveillance requirements (aligns with JRC-1, Initial Investment Decision) 2014 - Decision Point (104) to replace legacy primary radars (ASR-8, ASR-9) based on air traffic safety, security and weather surveillance requirements 2018 - Decision Point (91) to SLEP Wind Shear systems, ASR-9/11 Wx Channel and NEXRAD or replace with NextGen Wx Surveillance Capability 2020 - Establishment of Acquisition Program Office (aligns with JRC-2B, Final Investment Decision) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 77 104 91 New Primary Radar (Replaces ASR) NextGen Wx Radar Capability

  16. Conclusion • National primary radar network required for foreseeable future • FAA requirement is a subset of the National Requirement • Collaboration with other agencies is essential for best value solution • MPAR is a technology research effort • MPAR could be part of a multi-agency Family of Solutions

  17. Dr. Jeffrey Herd Dr. Mark Weber MIT Lincoln Laboratory

  18. Outline • Terminal MPAR Capabilities • Technology Risk Reduction Program • Summary

  19. Terminal Area Primary Radar Missions ATC terminal radars support unique missions Low altitude wind shear protection at airports Thunderstorm monitoring (30 sec update) Non-cooperative aircraft surveillance (DoD, DHS) FAA Architecture identifies decision points for future terminal area primary radar 2011 - Decision to implement NEXTGEN primary radar system which includes weather surveillance requirements 2014 - Decision for replacement of legacy primary radar (ASR-8, ASR-9), based on air traffic safety, security and weather surveillance requirements

  20. Terminal MPAR Aircraft & Weather Surveillance Goals

  21. Candidate Terminal MPAR Concept • Active Array (planar, 4 faces) • Diameter: 4 m • TR elements/face: 5,000 • Dual polarization • Beamwidth: 1.2 (broadside) • 2.0 (@ 45) • Gain: > 40 dB • Transmit/Receive Elements • Wavelength: 10 cm (2.7–2.9 GHz) • Bandwidth/channel: 1 MHz • Pulse length: 80 s (1 s fill) • Peak power/element: 5 W linear pol • 10 W circular pol • Architecture • Overlapped subarray beamformers • Number of subarrays: 24 • Maximum # concurrent beams: 24 Aircraft Surveillance Weather Surveillance 334 MPARS required to duplicate today’s airspace coverage. Half of these are scaled “Terminal MPARS”

  22. Polarization Requirements Weather Aircraft

  23. Adaptive Beam Clusters Transmit Receive Low Elevation High Elevation 12° 6° 2° 2° 2° Aircraft (linear pol) Weather (dual pol) Aircraft (up to 24 linear pol beams) Weather (up to 12 dual pol beams) 20,000 ft R max  R max = Max_Alt / sin (Ө)

  24. TMPAR Scan Timing Summary Mode scheduling example: High fidelity weather scan update period Aircraft and rapid update weather scan update period 2.4 1.6 2.4 1.6 2.4 1.6 2.4 1.6 0 4 8 56 60 4 Time, sec

  25. Notional TMPAR Air Vehicle ID Modes Aircraft Range-Doppler Image • RFID Mode: • High Doppler resolution (~1 Hz) to discriminate type (jet vs propeller vs bird), velocity spectrum, types of engines, number of engines • High pulse repetition frequency (~15 kHz) • High Range Resolution (HRR) Mode: • Small range gates to discriminate length and image target • Wide operating bandwidth (2.7 - 2.9 GHz) • TMPAR hardware supports both RFID and HRR modes • Capable of detecting < -20 dBsm targets out to 50 nm Minimum Detectable RCS vs Range 5000 elements 10 W peak 80 μs pulses Swerling type 1

  26. Wind Farm Effects Mitigation Radar Return Windmill Doppler Spectrum* Wind Farm • Wind farm effects on primary radars • High reflection levels causes automatic limiting • RCS of 20 - 40 dBsm (aircraft is 10 – 30 dBsm) • Doppler modulation causes false target signatures • Blade tip velocities of 80 – 160 knots • Narrow elevation beam of TMPAR suppresses low angle clutter return • >35 dB improvement over ASR-9 in signal to clutter ratio for 5 kft target and wind farm at 10 nm TMPAR vs ASR-9 Windmill Suppression > 35 dB * from ‘Feasibility of Mitigating the Effects of Wind Farms on Primary Radar’, Alenia Marconi Systems Limited

  27. Outline • Terminal MPAR Capabilities • Technology Risk Reduction Program • Summary

  28. Terminal MPAR Challenges TMPAR Challenges: • Ultra-low cost array (~ $50k / m2) • Multiple independent beam clusters • Scalable aperture sizes • Open architecture • Low operations and maintenance costs Enablers: • Highly integrated T/R chips • Design for manufacturability

  29. Military Commercial NRE** Dominates Production Dominates Typical Commercial Single Part Volume DDG-1000 VSR TMPAR Commercial vs Military MMIC* Costs * Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit ** Non-Recurring Engineering Typical military procurement volume is too small to fully amortize engineering development costs

  30. Terminal MPAR Cost Reduction Strategies

  31. 2008 Terminal MPAR Technology Risk Reduction Program • Program Objectives: • Design, fabrication, and testing of a prototype MPAR active phased array panel • Detailed cost estimate utilizing best commercial practice for a large quantity procurement of panels • Critical Development Tasks: • Antenna elements and beamformers* • Prototype panel with custom T/R chip set** • Risk Definition and Mitigation Plan*,** • Prototype panel test and evaluation* * MIT LL ** Subcontract to Tyco Electronics

  32. Custom Radiators and Beamformers Dual Pol Radiator Overlapped Subarray Low Cost Panel Demonstration Aperture Face Panel: Including 64 Radiators, Beamformers, 64 T/R Elements, DC and Logic Distribution, Low Level Power Conditioning Backplane: Includes Beam Controller, Logic Fan Out, High Level Power Conditioning Custom T/R Chipset* Performance Testing 0.43 m Tx chip RX chip Heat Exchanger LNA / Limiter chip * Funded under Tyco Electronics IR&D

  33. TMPAR Prototype Radar Notional Development Schedule Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 PDR Testing CDR CDR Full Scale Fabrication Testing and Evaluation Scaled Aperture Radar Demonstration Concept Development, Design, and Low Cost Scalable Panel Demonstration Data Collection Full Scale Array Multiple Panel Array Panel • Collect Multimode Data • Process Data • Report Results • 768 Element Array • Radar Functionality • Algorithm Dev • System Simulation • 8 x 8 Element Panel • Array Measurements • Waveform Design • Systems Analysis • 4864 Element Array • 48 Receiver Channels • System Simulation • Test Planning Analog and Digital Hardware: Systems Analysis & Signal Processing:

  34. Summary • Specific concept for a Terminal Multifunction Phased Array Radar developed • Provides primary radar services in lieu of ASR-8/9/11 and TDWR • Can support backup or integrity verification for ADS-B • TMPAR has the potential to support key needs of the DHS, DoD, FAA, and NWS with a single radar network • Flexible electronic beamforming • Multiple simultaneous high gain receive beams • Open architecture signal & data processing • Affordability being addressed through exploitation of commercial microwave technology • Critical subsystems development and test underway • Mitigate risk and advance ultra low cost design through industry partnership

  35. Mr. Kevin “Spanky” Kirsch Director, DHS S&T Special Program

  36. DHS Primary Radar Usage • Customs and Border Protection (CBP) • CBP Air and Marine Operations Center (AMOC) • US Coast Guard • Secret Service • Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

  37. Discussion Areas for Consensus • Implementation Strategy: • Initial Priority Risk Reduction Areas • Technolgy Demonstration & Testing • Multi-functionality and Testing • System Costs – Business Case • Trade Studies

  38. Discussion Areas for Consensus • Interagency Management Approach • Address Urgency Issues • PD/Congressional Mandated • Format: • Past NEXRAD process (OFCM / NEXRAD Program Council / JSPO) • Multi-Lateral Agency

  39. QUESTIONS?

  40. BACKUPS

  41. Terminal MPAR Weather Sensitivity 1 s pulse no compression 80 s pulse 80x compression 5,000 modules @ 5 W per module provides 0 dBZ sensitivity to 60 nm

  42. Target ID Mode Operating Parameters Radio Frequency Spectrum: 200 MHz 2 MHz WAS and RFID modes HRR mode 2.7 GHz 2.9 GHz

  43. ATC Cooperative Surveillance (ADS-B) Backup needed in the event of a wide-area GPS outage (e.g. jamming, solar storms) or single-aircraft avionics failure Integrity monitoring needed to guard against “spoofing” FAA ADS-B backup strategy calls for retention of many legacy radars All primary radars Secondary radars in high density terminal airspace Backup strategy will be re-evaluated as experience with ADS-B is gained Alternatives under investigation include wide-area multilateration, DME, e-Loran and other non-radar alternatives (but these are all “cooperative”) Backup and Integrity Monitoring

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