A National Centre of Excellence in Electromaterials Science

1. A National Centre of Excellence in Electromaterials Science Professor Doug MacFarlane FAA FTSE ARC Federation Fellow School of Chemistry Monash University

2. Energy Storage Energy Generation Artificial Photosynthesis Electromaterials Science Corrosion and Interfacial Science Bionics Wollongong Deakin/Monash Universities

3. ACES People Prof Doug MacFalaneFAAFTSE Federation Fellow Energy Program Leader, ACES, Monash Prof Gordon Wallace FAAFTSE Federation Fellow Director, ACES, UoW Prof Maria Forsyth Australian Laureate Fellow Associate Director ACES Deakin Prof David Officer Materials Program Leader ACES UoW Prof Leone Spicca ACES Monash

4. ACES People More than 100 • Chief investigators • Research fellows • PhD Students Nobel Laureate Alan McDairmid (ACES Advisory Board Chairman until his death in 2009) with ACES students and postdocs (and Prof MacFarlane)

5. ACES Outcomes • Publications in: Science, Nature Chemistry, Nature Nanotechnology, Advanced Materials • Typically more than 150 papers published per year • Typically approx 4 patent applications per year • Aquahydrix spin out company • Hosts 3 Centre workshops per year plus one national conference • Hosts > 30 visiting students and researchers from all over the world, per year.

6. ACES Funding • Funding from the Australian Research Council - core funding approx $2.5 M per year - Fellow salaries (Australian Postdoctoral Fellows, Future Fellows, Federation Fellows, Laureate Fellows) approx $2.0M per year • Funding from partner Universities approx $1.0M per year • State government funding approx $800k per year

7. ACES Programs Nanostructured Electromaterials Medical Bionics Energy

8. A National Centre ACES With Global Collaborations Drawing students, working with collaborators and building commercial linkages in 18 countries

9. Energy Program Program Leader Professor Doug MacFarlane FAA FTSE – Monash University Goal: Advanced Sustainable Energy Generation and Storage Program Themes - Advanced Batteries (Li, Mg, Na) - Dye sensitised solar cells - Solar water splitting (Hydrogen Generation) Aquahydrix spin-out - CO2 reduction to fuels - Electrochemical Hydrogen Peroxide Production - Thermocells

10. Renewable Energy Issues • Less than 10% of Australia’s energy comes form renewable sources • Often generated in remote areas • Energy storage a limiting factor Clean Energy 2010 Report - http://www.cleanenergycouncil.org.au/

11. Energy Storage Technologies

12. Comparison of energy densities for various battery chemistries – [http://www.nexergy.com/battery-density.htm] Power/Energy characteristics of batteries Ionic Liquid electrolytes for metal air batteries Salts that are liquid at room temperature! • Stabilise metal anode • Low volatility – reduce evaporation • Good solubility of discharge products • Improved safety

13. Li- ion based on Organic solvent electrolyte Organic solvent electrolytes: Ethylene carbonate Diethyl carbonate www.unicam.it/discichi/dottchi/nobili Problems:high vapor pressure, flammable，leakage Armand, M. et. al.Nat Mater 2009, 8, 621

14. Ionic liquids as stable electrolytes for Iithium batteries Li reactivity – a problem for the electrolyte => ILs provide a solution > 99% Li cycling efficiency demonstrated P. C. Howlett, D. R. MacFarlane and A. F. Hollenkamp, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 2004, 7, A97-A101. Ionic liquids and reactions at the electrochemical interface. D.R. MacFarlane, J.M. Pringle, P.C. Howlett, M. Forsyth, Phys.Chem. Chem. Phys. 2010, 12, 1659

15. Magnesium-Air Batteries • Cheaper than other high performance batteries (Mg $2,700/ton, Li $65,000/ton) • Magnesium is non-toxic, biocompatible and environmentally friendly • We have shown IL can passivate Mg HowlettPC et al The effect of potential bias on the formation of Ionic liquid generated surface films on Mg alloys. Electrochim. Acta 2010.

17. Manganese oxide catalysts Energy loss, % Good Catalyst Ideal Catalyst Bad Catalyst Catalytic performance of the manganese oxide in 1 M NaOH and various catalysts BAS – 0.4M dibutyl ammonium sulfate pH10, BAS-IL - 2M dibutyl ammonium sulfate pH10 MnCat – manganese dioxide deposited from aqueous elecrolyte Dau et al Energy and Environ Sciin press 2012 • F. Zhou, A. Izgorodin, R.K. Hocking, L. Spiccia, D.R. MacFarlane, Electrodeposited MnOx Films from Ionic Liquid for Electro-Catalytic Water Oxidation, Adv. Energy Mater. (2012) In print M. W. Kanan, D. G. Nocera, Science321, 1072 (2008). G. Lodi, E. Sivieri, A. de Battisti, S. Trasatti, J. App. Electrochem.8, 135 (1978). S. Gottesfeld, S. Srinivasan, J. Electroanal. Chem.86, 89 (1978).

18. Hydrogen peroxide production • Concentration of H2O2 detected over time in the BAS electrolyte with and without MnO2 disproportionation catalyst. Izgorodin et al Patent Application March 2012

19. Thermoelectrochemical Cells • Utilise a redox couple dissolved in an electrolyte. • The potential of the redox couplechanges with temperature. Magnitude of change again given by the Seebeck coefficient Se • Se = Δ V/ ΔT= ∆S/ nF • Majority of prior research has focussed on aqueous electrolytes: 0.4M Fe(CN)63-/4- gives Se 1.4 mV K-1. • Current improved using MWNT electrodes.* Hu, Cola, Haram, Barisci, Lee, Stoughton, Wallace, Too, Thomas, Gestos, dela Cruz, Ferraris, Zakhidov, Baughman. Nanoletters 2010, 10, 838

20. ILs in Thermoelectrochemical Cells • Use of IL electrolytes as replacement for water: • increases operational temperature up to ca. 200 oC: • heating/cooling water pipes in power stations. • geothermal activity • Increased device lifetime through use of non-volatile electrolytes. • Targeting large scale, low cost devices. *Hu et al. Nanoletters 2010, 10, 838.

21. Further Informationwww.electromaterials.edu.auwww.chem.monash.edu.au/ionicliquids