Feudal Structure (133-137) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHFJEtP2iI0

1. Feudal Structure (133-137)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QHFJEtP2iI0 • King=Grand LandLord • Major Lords=Landlord/Vassal (Duke) • Lesser Lords=LandLord/Vassal (Earl) (Monasteries were rarely at this level) • Knights=LandLord/Vassal (Sir) (Monasteries were often at this level) • Peasants=Serfs • : a person under the protection of a feudal lord to whom he has vowed homage and fealty : a feudal tenant • : one in a subservient or subordinate position

2. Feudal Buildings (133-137) • King=Castle with stone and wood. Castles have major fortifications. • Lords=Wood and stone structures. The higher the Lord the more fortifications he had. • Knights=Mostly wood and stone with, maybe, some fortifications. • Serfs=only wood, mud, or straw structures.

3. Vikings (138) • Vikings-Sea Rovers-Norsemen-Men of the North. • Raiders of European Coast from about 800. • Vikings have a major impact on England and Ireland-They setup ports that developed into cities. • Norse occupy Normandy- taking the name Normans from Norseman. • Ansgar converts the Kings of Denmark and Sweden to Christianity

4. Slavs (138-141) • Eastern European peoples convert to Christianity but were divided between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic. • Cyril and Methodius develop a Slavic Language which is used in worship and general use. • Poland converts-in line with Rome. • Russia joins the Orthodox group.

5. Church and State in Conflict (142-144) • Tension between East and West increases • Patriarch of Constantinople is controlled by the Byzantine Emperor • Emperors appoint the Bishops and directs church activities • Around 900, rich Roman families fight to control who will be pope. • Next Otto I of Germany supports Pope against Roman families and these German kings determine who is pope for 100 years. • In the West, Kings, Dukes, and Counts often determined who would be the local Bishops/Abbots. • This was most often mostly political. • Cluny-this monastery in France was established as a self-determining model; the monks selected the Abbot. This is a new way to select leaders.

7. Growth of Cities (147-148) • We’re talking about the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) • Cistercians founded in 1098 as an offshoot of the Benedictines • They develop agriculture • Drain swamps • Begin basic crop rotation • Begin some basic crop breeding • These methods help agriculture in Europe to produce more food and this improves quality of life. • This frees some people from having to farm so people move to cities. • Towns are developing around castles/monasteries or at major crossroads where merchants can trade. • Skilled workers come to live in cities. (LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR CAPITALISM and the FREE-MARKET Eco.

8. The Rise of Kings and Nations (149) • Kings gain more control and power is more centralized. • England and France emerge as nations • In both countries the Kings strengthen their authority. • What developed was nations each united under a King. • The death of feudalism?

9. Growth of Guilds and the Cathedrals (147-148 & 152-153) • Skilled workers form Guilds or groups where all workers share same skill. • Apprentice-learning the trade • Journeyman-knows the trade but needs to develop his skills so he travels from place to place to work with different masters • Master-a person who has completed a masterpiece and is approved by the body of Masters in that craft. • This leads to the development and expansion of skills and goods produced. • Members of these guilds were “FREEMEN” or they were not bound to any Lord or King. • Banking and money lending becomes important for development and this field is in control of the Jews. • With expanded wealth, there is a desire to build bigger and better Churches. Cathedrals begin. • Romanesque • Gothic

10. The Church Flourishes (150-151) • The Church begins to assert its own authority. • The church is very involved in the development of cathedrals and the universities that grow from them. • Gregory VII (aka Hildebrand) (pope in 1073CE) calls for the end of Lay Investiture. This was the practice of kings and nobles appointing their choice for positions of power in the church (loyalty required!). • Concordant of Worms (1122CE) • Henry IV of Germany objects and gets excommunicated and subjects told not to obey. • Henry IV repents. • In Worms, Germany the Concordant of Worms is signed which held that rulers no longer had the right to appoint Bishops; this authority rests with the church alone.

11. Cathedrals and Universities (156-158) • Cathedrals take 100 years to complete; center of town activities: • Acted as hotels • Meeting area-civic and private • A place for plays-passion plays • A center for education-became the university • Universities Develop from Cathedrals • Studies included: logic, rhetoric, literature (Greek and Roman), mathematics, theology, philosophy, law, and medicine. • Learning done by rote as paper was too expensive. • All exams oral • Muslims translated all books into Arabic and thereby saved many classic Greek works.

12. A Church Divided (159) • Iconoclast Controversy-the idea that reverence for sacred images was idolatry. • Those who want images are successful but tension is added between East and West. • Additional problems included: language, requirements for priests, etc. • 1054CE is the year that the split becomes official. Biggest issue is the position and power of the Pope and the use of his authority.

13. Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont, in 1095 CE, according to Fulcher of Chatres • “I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to pers­e all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends. I say this to those who are present, it is meant also for those who are absent. Moreover, Christ commands it.”

14. Crusades 1096CE-1204CE (159-160) • Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban II for help in fighting the Turkish Muslims. • Urban II calls for a crusade to free holy places. • One of the issues was the right of Christians to go on pilgrimages. • Pilgrimage is a common practice-Going to holy places like Rome (or even a local place) as well as Jerusalem were of part of Christian practice. • The noble side of the Crusades was the freeing of the holy places • The unholy side of the Crusades was the brutality and theft. Most notably the massacre in Jerusalem in 1099CE.

15. Crusades (161-164) • The first crusade was successful in taking back the holy places but at a great price. • The second, third, and fourth were not successful. • The pope granted general indulgences (sins of crusaders were forgiven and punishment expected in afterlife was taken away) • Consequences of Crusades • New material in math and science • Fine cloth • New Foods • Glassware

16. Heresy and Inquisition (165-168) • Albigensian Heresy-saw material things and the human body as evil • Called themselves the “perfect ones” • This was move to simplicity and self-denial; a reaction to seeing too much of an easy going lifestyle • They denied the goodness of creation and the sacredness of life. • Mendicant monks tried to convert these heretics; had little to no success. • Pope Gregory IX institutes the Papal Inquisition (1232CE)which was designed to root out heresy. • The accused had a chance to explain their position. Only about 5% punished.