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Chapters 1–2

Chapters 1–2. Mottos at Penn Nouns Verbs Conjunctions A more sophisticated motto. 1. Mottos at Penn. Yours?. 1. Mottos at Penn. Mine? consilium iuvant litterae. 1. Mottos at Penn Harnwell College House. http://www.pennlatinproject.com/campus-and-philadelphia- inscriptions.html.

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Chapters 1–2

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  1. Chapters 1–2 Mottos at Penn Nouns Verbs Conjunctions A more sophisticated motto

  2. 1. Mottos at Penn Yours?

  3. 1. Mottos at Penn Mine? consiliumiuvantlitterae

  4. 1. Mottos at PennHarnwell College House http://www.pennlatinproject.com/campus-and-philadelphia-inscriptions.html

  5. 1. Mottos at PennHarnwellCollege House (cont.) How is it possible for Latin to say in three words what English needs five to say? monstrat sol viam monstratviam sol sol viammonstrat sol monstratviam viam sol monstrat viammonstrat sol How is is possible for Latin to vary the order without changing the basic meaning?

  6. 2. Nouns Latin has no definite or indefinite article: sol = sun, the sun viam = a path, the path monstrat sol viam monstratviam sol sol viammonstrat sol monstratviam viam sol monstrat viammonstrat sol The grammatical function is indicated by a noun’s word-ending.(Latin’s an “inflected language” …)

  7. 2. NounsCases lūnaviammonstrat / The moon shows a path lūnam viamonstrat / The path shows the moon -a = nominative case (subject function) -am = accusative case (direct object function)

  8. 2. NounsCases (cont.) lūna, ōrēgīnaRōmae,viamnautaenātūrāmonstrat The moon, o queen of Rome, by nature shows a path to the sailor. -a = nominative case (subject function) -a = vocative case (used for direct address) -ae= genitive case (“of” etc.) -ae= dative case (“to” etc.) -am = accusative case (direct object function) –ā= ablative case (“by” etc.)

  9. 2. Nouns1st “declension” • Same endings for all nouns with principal parts in -a, -aeregardless of gender. • Vocative = same as nominative. • Some forms are ambiguous (sorry about that …).

  10. 2. Nouns2nd declension masculine • Vocative singular = domin-e

  11. 2. Nouns2nd declension neuter • Note ambiguity for all neuter nouns: nominative and accusative identical!

  12. 2. NounsCases lūna, ōrēgīnaRōmae,viamnautaenātūrāmonstrat The moon, o queen of Rome, by nature shows a path to the sailor. vir, ōamīcedominī, agrumpuerōconsiliōmonstrat. Meaning?

  13. 2. NounsFive declensions

  14. 3. VerbsSentence patterns corresponding to different verb-types

  15. 3. VerbsInflection by person and number Because no explicit subject is needed: it’s indicated by the person endings. Why does Latin need fewer words to say this?

  16. 3. Verbs1st and 2nd conjugations: present active indicative • Stem is derived from 2nd principal part: amā-re, habē-re • Note variation in stem-vowel length: shortened before -ō, -t, -nt

  17. 3. VerbsIdentifying a verb form E.g. monstrat: “3rd person singular present active indicative” • Note: infinitive forms are “non-finite” and have no person or number • E.g. monstrāre: “present active infinitive”

  18. 3. VerbsSentence types for indicative and infinitive

  19. 4. Conjunctions

  20. 5. A more sophisticated motto? The moon shows a path, but the sailors are doubtful. The farmers both work and choose war. Fortune, are you silent? You teach wisdom.

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