I -Ancient Greece and its Legacy

1. I-Ancient Greece and its Legacy

2. Greek city-state (polis) central to political, social, religious, economic & military life. • Agora (marketplace) = where people would assemble to participate in “free speech” (birthplace of democracy.)

3. Greek Society • People had common identity & goals. Strong sense of loyalty (patriotism) combined rights with responsibilities. • Adult males = citizens with political rights. • Women & children = citizens with no political rights. • Foreign residents & slaves = non-citizens.

4. Evolution of political power in some polis, such as Athens: • Oligarchysupported & ruled by aristocrats • Tyrants seized power by force. Supported by rich traders & poor peasants, not by aristocrats. • Democratic governmentfor, of and by all adult male citizens.

5. Check for understanding • Who had all the rights in Ancient Greek Society?

6. *Sparta was a “military state.” • Males were trained under spartan conditions. Age 7 boys sent to military school, fed “black broth.” Age 20 mandatory military service. Age 30 had right to vote & live at home with wife, but remained in army. Age 60 retired from military. • Infants with physical disabilities killed (infanticide.)

7. Women • Females had similar physical training but stayed home to prepare to be strong mothers who would tell their sons “come home from battle either carrying your shield… or on it!”

8. Spartan oligarchy • had two kings & a council of elders (28 citizens age 60+) • Closed society = xenophobic(feared & hated foreigners & their customs.)

9. Athens • had a powerful navy & was center of the golden age of Greek culture.

10. Reform of Government • Economic crisis led to reform-minded aristocrats (i.e. leaders who were willing to make changes.) • Solon canceled land debts & freed farmers from slavery. Many still did not own land & couldn’t vote. • Cleisthenes reformed assembly to a Council of 500, elected by ALL male citizens.

11. Golden Age Athens= 461-429 B.C. • (Pericles was leader.) Many citizens served in public office, art & architecture prospered, education important • (academics & philosophy “school of Greece.”)

12. Check for understanding • White Board: • List 2 changes brought b Pericles • Discuss with partner how Athenian and Greek society were different

13. “Big Three” philosophers(S.P.A. = Socrates, Plato & Aristotle) • 1. Socrates = worked to improve human understanding. “Socratic method” = question/answer discussion that • asks “Why?” Socrates known as the “gadfly,” questioned authority & was sentenced to death!

14. 2. Plato • Founded “The Academy” school of philosophy & was a student of Socrates. • He wrote The Republic describing an “ideal state” of 3 groups: • 1. Philosopher-kings 2. Warriors 3. Common men & women.

15. 3. Aristotle • 3. Aristotle = Student of Plato. Developed “scientific method” of observation and investigation (i.e. research.) • “Renaissance Man” of the ancient world. Wrote on many topics, including Politics that concluded a constitutional government was best.

16. LEGACY of Greeks on Western Civilization: • a. Government = democracy, equal rights & responsibilities of male citizens & critical of “idiotes” • (self-centered, apathetic, non-contributors to society.) • b. Philosophy = individualism, reasoning, wisdom, ethics. • c. Science = rational research based on observations & investigations. • d. Arts = sculpture, architecture, music, poetry, literature, architecture (outdoor amphitheaters staged dramas.)

17. Check for understanding • White board : • List one way we see Greek influence I our society • Discuss: • One thing Each guy in SPA contributed.

19. “Rulers & Gods” • early civilizations believed leaders appointed by God(s) or were deities themselves, who ruled with “divine assistance.” • Greeks consulted oracles (priestesses who spoke for the gods.)

20. “Young People In Ancient Greece” • Spartan boys subjected to harsh discipline in military barracks (clothing = only one robe per year, slept on beds of rushes, rarely bathed, had to steal to eat & severely beaten. • Spartan girls received discipline & physical training to develop strong mothers, but allowed to stay home.

21. Athenian Children • Athenian children nurtured by mothers. Boys were well-rounded individuals educated in P.E. and in academics, philosophy & music. • At 18 boys officially became citizens of Athens. • girls remained at home to learn domestic skills • in wealthy families were taught other subjects.

22. Check for Understanding • How were Athenian Children treated Different than Spartan Children • (Discuss with partner)

23. Alexander The Great becomes Emperor 330 BC controlled all Greece • Ended Greek Democracy • Did Spread Greek ideas around the World • Philosophy, buildings, and gov system

24. Alexander The Great’s Empire

25. II ROME

26. Roman Republic – leader not a monarch, some citizens had right to vote, lasted 5 centuries

27. Roman Society • Patricians = large landowners, ruling class • Plebeians = small landholders, craftspeople & businesspeople • Chief officers: • consuls(ran govt. & led army) • Praetors (judges of civil law for citizens & non-citizens)

28. Roman Government • Senate = 300 landowning advisors served for life & gave critical advice to officers (had force of law.) • Centuriate assembly (important people’s assembly, dominated by rich) = elected chief officials • Council of the plebs (plebeians only) = represented rights of majority of citizens vs. patricians. • Tribunesbecame officials who had power to protect plebeians.

30. Who were the two main officers in Charge? • List the two organizations that worked under this Group? • Discuss What American Government body this looks similar too.

31. Rome 287 B.C. • all male citizens equal in theory, but wealthy patricians & plebs dominated. • Roman law evolved from Twelve Tables (basic agrarian laws), to laws for rural & urban citizens, to Law of Nations, including non citizens (universal law based upon reason.) • Standards of justice = innocent until proven guilty, right of defense against accusations, judges to be impartial.

32. Roman Empire • – ruled over entire Mediterranean region, led by powerful emperor. • Caesar Augustus = victorious over rivals, created the empire, ordered a census be taken

33. How is an Empire Different than a Republic?

34. A.D. 14 – A.D. 180 = PaxRomana (order & protection of law, trade flourished, roads expanded) • Efficient administrators over one of largest, ancient empires • Extended citizenship to non Romans (integrated cultures)

35. Spreading Roman Culture • City planning, architecture, engineering throughout Empire • Latin language = basis of FIVE Romance languages (Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French, Romanian) • Romans grafted their culture onto the intellectual heritage of Greeks (Greco-Roman tradition) • (see chart of Greek and Roman Gods, p. 150) • Empire spread new religion of Christianity.

36. List Three ways Rome Spread its culture and Influence

37. III Spread of Christianity and Islam

38. Christianity • Jesus = Jewish teacher & preacher • (eg. Golden Rule “Do unto others, as you would have them do unto you”.) Love fulfills expectations of the Law & Prophets (transformation of the inner person.) • Jesus’ claims to be Messiah/Christ was controversial to Jewish leaders & viewed as a potential revolutionary threat to Roman powers. • Roman leader Pontius Pilate ordered crucifixion at request of some Hebrew authorities.

39. Followers of Jesus claimed his death was fulfillment of prophecy, • die for sins of all people & rose from the dead (resurrection.) • Early Christians were Jewish, but Gentiles were converted through missions of Paul (Saul) • Romans tolerated other religions if didn’t threaten public order. • Romans expected to honor Roman gods & worship emperor, • Christians refused = punishable by death (cruel deaths of martyrs)

40. What Religion did Christianity Come from? • What key point separates it from its original religion?

41. Emperor Nero, ruled from A.D. 54-68, began persecution of Christians (blamed for great Rome fire) • Periods of persecution but numbers of Christians grew • Roman religion was impersonal for good of state • Christianity was a personal faith that promised eternal life. Everyone was equal before God. • Christian communities formed to worship God, care for others & have a sense of belonging.

42. Constantine became the first Christian Emperor of Rome. • Constantine A.D. 313 “Edict of Milan” issued = legalized Christianity. • Theodosius the Great made Christianity the official state religion of Rome (other religions = illegal!)

43. 476 A.D. Roman Empire collapsed • Western Roman Empire: Collapsed but left its Church “Roman Catholic Church” • Eastern Roman Empire Continued: • It would be called the Byzantine Empire

44. 2 Churches • Roman Catholic Church headquarters are in Rome (the Vatican) and head is pope (Western Europe) • Eastern Orthodox Church headquarters in Constantinople (Istanbul) & head is patriarch (East. Europe)

45. Which Emperor hated the Christians and which Became a Christian himself?

46. Islam = submission to Allah(one true God.) • Muhammad (the Prophet), born in Mecca (Makkah) in Arabian Peninsula. • Quran (Koran) teachings of Muhammad. • Muslims believe in teachings of Hebrew Bible, along with Jews & Christians

47. A.D. 622 Muhammad escaped from angry polytheists by fleeing from Mecca to Medina (Madina) = starting event of Muslim calendar (lunar calendar, crescent moon symbol) • Five Pillars of Islam: (belief, prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage) • Ramadan, 9th month, holy month of fasting & prayer to commemorate Muhammad receiving words of the Quran from Allah.

48. What are the five pillars of Islam • Which can be seen in our society?

49. Spread Of Islam • Islam spread quickly, united Arabia, spread through South Asia & North Africa through holy wars (jihads.) • Arab Empire, internal divisions, conquered by the Mongols in A.D. 1258. • Western civilization evolved into democratic governments with freedom of religion and separation of church & state. • Islamic civilization traditionally has been theocratic = Islam & government closely connected (not separated as in the “West.”)

50. IV Middle Ages (Medieval Period) of Europe(circa, 5th-14th centuries A.D.)