PRACTICE Antony Thanos Ph.D. Chem. Eng. antony.thanos@gmail

1. This project is funded by the European Union Projekat finansira Evropska Unija PRACTICEAntony ThanosPh.D. Chem. Eng.antony.thanos@gmail.com Project implemented by Human Dynamics Consortium Projekat realizuje Human Dynamics Konzorcijum

2. LI LI PI • Hazard Identification (line from tank to pump) • HAZOP technique, examine deviations for : • NO FLOW, LESS FLOW • MORE TEMPERATURE • LOSS OF CONTAINEMENT LPG Tank V-1 V-2 P-2 Ομάδα HAZOP

3. Hazard Identification(cont.), HAZOP form for use Ομάδα HAZOP

4. Hazard Identification(cont.), answers example Ομάδα HAZOP

5. Hazard Identification(cont.), answers example Ομάδα HAZOP

6. LI LI PI • Accident scenarios • Define some worst-case scenarios for LPG installation LPG Road Tanker 20 tn 2 in, gas phase to other tanks, compressor LPG BEST S.A. LPG Tank 200 m3 LPG Tank 120 m3 2 in hose to other tanks Supply pipeline from refinery 6 in, liquid phase Ομάδα HAZOP

7. Accident scenarios (cont.), answers example • Storage area (tanks) • Catastrophic failure of 200 m3 tank • Movement facilities • Catastrophic failure of road tanker • Catastrophic failure (FBR) of 6inch pipeline from refinery Ομάδα HAZOP

8. Top event scenarios • Initial event : Catastrophic failure of 200 m3 LPG tank, complete top events in event tree Ομάδα HAZOP

9. Top event scenarios (cont.), answer • Initial event : Catastrophic failure of 200 m3 LPG tank Ομάδα HAZOP

10. Risk analysis on consequence, Domino effects • Comment Domino effects from tanker BLEVE

11. Risk analysis on consequence, Domino effects (cont.), comments example on “internal” effects • Domino radius includes LPGSITE tanks. Secondary accidents expected in LPGSITE tanks, resulting, in worst-case, in more severe consequences compared to primary accident (tanker BLEVE), due to higher capacity of tanks (100 m3) than tanker capacity (appr. 40 m3) • Domino radius includes other LPGSITE areas (e.g. cylinder filling station, piping network). Not significant secondary accidents, due to less severe consequences in those areas

12. Risk analysis on consequence, Domino effects (cont.), comments example on “external” effects to be made from LPGSITE • Domino radiusincludes areas of GASCOMP site • GASCOMP must be informed in order to take the relevant risk into account in its own risk assessments • Usually no detailed map of neighbour site is available, nor details of operation • Not detailed comments to be made from LPGSITE for accidents in GASCOMP

13. Risk analysis on consequence, Domino effects (cont.), example of comments to be made from GASCOMP (owner and responsible for risk analysis) on “external” effects from LPGSITE primary accident • Domino area does not include GASCOMP tanks area, or road tanker station. No secondary accidents expected in this area (excluding fragment effects) • Domino area includes pump station • GASCOMP must examine accidents in pump station (and in piping included in domino area)

14. Risk analysis on consequence, effects to people

15. Risk analysis on consequence, effects to people (cont.) • Tank BLEVE accident in LPG installation located within industrial park, close to village • Very severe effects : 1500 TDU, 3rd degree burns in more than 50% of exposed population • Severe effects : 450 TDU, 3rd degree burns in 1% of exposed population • Mild effects : 170 TDU, 1st degree burns at significant part of exposed population (TDU : (kW/m2)4/3. sec, be careful with units)

16. Risk analysis on consequence, effects to people (cont.) • Comment on effects to population • Comment on access to site • Comment on effects to transportation routes • Consider emergency planning actions

17. Risk analysis on consequence, effects to people (cont.), comments example • Very severe effects restricted within industrial park. 3 neighbour sites in very sever effects zone. Sections of 2 other neighbour sites in very severe effects zone • Severe effects restricted within industrial park. A few additional sites within zone • Mild effects zone includes mainly industrial park, but approaches village limits • No vulnerable places (schools etc.) within zones examined

18. Risk analysis on consequence, effects to people (cont.), comments example • Access to site for emergency personnel is established via 3 alternative routes • No main transportation routes affected, only roads within industrial park. Road to village approached only by external zone

19. Risk analysis on consequence, effects to people (cont.), comments example • Traffic blockage to be established at mild zone limits, in order to avoid consequences to police personnel • Precautionary blocking traffic in wider area is beneficial for protection from potential BLEVE fragments

20. Risk analysis on consequence, effects to people, (cont.), comments example • BLEVE can develop within rather limited timeframe from initial event (e.g. jet flame from nearby tank) • Limited time can be available for protection actions to be implemented by authorities • Proper training for self-protection to affected population, especially for the very severe and severe effects zone, is indispensable

21. Risk analysis on consequence, effects to people, (cont.), comments example • Evacuation from lethal zone is a priority, if time is available. Absolute evacuation necessity for area within fireball limit • Enclosure to closed spaces (building internal, away from windows) can be efficient protection action for the other zones