FC.1 BIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL & TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN HISTORY

FC.1 BIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL & TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN HISTORY CULTURAL EVOLUTION People adapt behavior to envir. Much faster than biol. evol. TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION People adapt envir. to their needs  progressively the fastest evol. “RUBBER BAND” THEORY If 1 part of a culture changes it affects the rest of the culture Mobile H & G soc’sLittle or no surplus Little conflict Fairly egalitarian society Settled agr. soc’s More surplus  More wars & soc. stratification  Lower status for women Pre-indust. civ’s Much more wealth Much more war & soc. stratific. Women lose status Indus. soc’sw/rapidly accelerating tech Much more destr. warfare, but higher status for women Biol. & cult. evol. can’t keep up with spiraling tech. growth Society & culture can’t change as quickly Environment can’t support unltd. growth Tech. of destruction grows even faster than tech. of production Total war is obsolete BIOLOGICAL EVOLUTION Where nature very slowly adapts us to changing environment Humans distinguished by 5 major biological features: Binocular & color vision Upright posture frees hands Hands with opposable thumbs Large well organized brain Speech share ideas New tech’s Surpluses Wars & conflict Much more wealth, but also major problems:

FC.2 A POSSIBLE SCENARIO FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION Shrews adapt to 3-D life in the trees  Evolve into prosimians (e.g., lemurs)  Monkeys, all of them developing: Binocular vision to deal w/3-D environment Better hunting & gathering Better Nutrition Improved tools Better nourished brain Speech develops with better brain Better sharing of knowledge Stone tools for hunting and defense against wild animals Develop the first technology Fire for warmth, defense vs. animals, & cooking Safer & more nutritious Ice Ages Harsh conditions Must adapt more quickly Ice Ages Harsh conditions Must adapt more quickly Early art (e.g, cave ptgs) Evidence of more modern behavior: Care for sick and injured Religion (e.g. burials) Apes evolve & practice tree swinging  helps develop: Hotter & drier climate Much of rain forest dries out Develop big jaws & molars & lose their canines so they can chew grasses & grains they find in the savannah Upright posture  Can see farther hands to grasp at higher speeds Vision & brain to absorb high speed data Some apes move out into savannah (dry grasslands) to find food Hotter & drier climate Much of rain forest dries out Better brain to deal w/3-D environment Better hands for hanging onto tree branches Evolution of the family (FC.3) Discovery of agriculture (FC.4)

FC.4 THE BIRTH OF AGRICULTURE & ITS EFFECTS Depletes H&G resources Agr develops first in Fertile Crescent because: Hot dry summers Big seeds for fast growth No woody stems Big nutritious grains & easy harvest It has many self pollinating cereals Don’t breed w/other plants Don’t lose valued recessive traits Permanent villages w/stable grain supplies which allow: Time to watch seeds grow discovery of agric. (c.8000 B.C.E.) Women don’t carry kids so far  Less need to control pop. growth Need for more food Population growth Domestic crops & intensive agric. can spread rapidly from one center Eurasia‘s E-W axis Plants share same climate, & seasonal variations of sunlight Rising pop Need more food, but won’t abandon easier H&G lifestyle  Casual agriculture mixed with hunting & gathering WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) WHY AGR. & CIV. 1ST DEVELOP IN EURASIA (ESP.NEAR EAST) Warmer, wetter climate (c,10,000 BCE) Wild grains spread in mid East Young children can eat grains Women wean children earlier Shorter gaps b/w pregnancies Eventually settle down to full-time agric. with important results: Heavier reliance on agr. Cities & civiliz. can develop & spread rapidly from 1 center (FC.6) Better hunting & gathering tech., esp sickles & baskets (FC.2) Dev. new agricultural techniques: 2-field system, crop rotation)popul.  Less coop. & sharing Priv. prop. Soc. classes & more conflict Start of status gap b/w genders Rise of hydraulic civ. in MesopotamiaMore priv. prop.  More conflict & sep. of gender roles (FC.6)

Priests use surplus grain to build & expand temple Rising gap b/w rich & poor Greater concentrations of wealth & population Cities emerge all along the valley which keep expanding farmland to support their rising popul’s Artisans & craftsmen come to town to build temple or support it with goods & services Priest organizes complex irrigation projects & is paid with offerings of grain Common culture promoted by easy trade & transport by water Large pop’s of civ’s in hot climates of Mid East & India gradually adapt to infectious diseases Crime need strong govt. Population rises Expand Irrigation Need more food Surplus grain Reinforces & increases differences in gender roles Population growth Migration into hot dry river valley of Tigris & Euphrates Villages all along the rivers start irrigation FC.6 THE RISE OF HYDRAULIC CIVILIZATIONS & THEIR IMPACT Birth of agriculture in uplands of Mesopotamia (FC.4) Different gender roles for men & women (FC.3) Different gender roles for men & women (FC.3) Wars b/w cities over water rights & land Wars become chronic Advantage over nomadic pop’s who haven’t come into contact w/these diseases (FC.9) Need a strong war leader Permanent kings who provide strong govt. & build history’s first empires (FC.10)

FC.71A WOMEN’S CHANGING STATUS IN LATE MEDIEVAL EUROPE Artificial courts of love presided over by women Agr.  Women’s labor is vital  Relatively high status Lower status for women as seen by: War Lower status for women, though higher than peasant & MC men Higher age of marriage to control pop. growth Higher status for women as seen by: Later marriage More assertive in choice of husband Higher status for women as seen by: Typically secluded from public life Ideal of romantic love between equals Chivalrous behavior toward women Men can run businesses themselves  Less need for women’s labor than on farms Children’s games that mimic adult behavior Lower status for women as seen by: Early arranged marriages Usually banned from guilds Middle Class Rise of Towns in High Middle Ages (FC.64) Peasants Nobles TownsMore law & order (FC.64) Rising piety Cult of Virgin Mary (FC.66) Plague after mid 1300s (FC.71) “Little Ice Age” after 1300 (FC.71) Trad. gender rolesStrong resistance to change (FC.6) Trad. gender rolesStrong resistance to change (FC.6) Status won’t change until 1800s when MC women have leisure time & money to work for equal rights (FC.114)

FC. 114 THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT I (c.1800-1920) Suffrage movement to get the vote Women compete w/men for jobs Many women pushed out of “male” occupations Women pursue univ. educ’s Women’s efforts in other causesRealize they can fight for their own rt’s: MC women at home more literate & aware of Soc. Can get involved in charitable causes Women’s growing visibility & status  Growing support for women’s rights More soc. mobility w/sports & less confining fashions MC women at home  do the shopping  Targeted by advertisers More women in “female” jobs as teachers, secr’s, etc. Late medieval women’s relatively higher status (FC.71A) Traditional gender roles Strong resistance to change (FC.6) Belief that Enl. ideas should also apply for women  Women involved in Fr. Rev. Hopes for their own rts.  Napoleon knocks women’s status back down Greater differentiation of sexes in 1800s (FC.100A) Ind. Rev Less need for men’s phys. strength (FC.111) Ind. Rev Less need for men’s phys. strength (FC.111) Ind RevBirth of consumer soc. (FC.117) Ind RevMore leisure for MC women (FC.117) World War I  Women more essential to econ. (FC.127) World War I  Women more essential to econ. (FC.127) Women win vote in many developed countries by 1925, but continue to struggle through 1900s for econ. & soc. equality (FC.148A)

a FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92)

a FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114)

a 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63)

Along with her advocacy of birth control, Margaret Sanger was a supporter of eugenics, a popular idea in the 1920s and ‘30s that believed people of inferior genes should not reproduce. This idea, when combined with her birth control crusade, won her some strange allies, such as the Ku Klux Klan, a group of whom she is addressing here.

a 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63)

a 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63)

World War II, even more than World War I, brought millions of women into the workforce, giving them a sense of their own strength and worth, as depicted in this government poster. However, as the war was winding down and the prospect of millions of veterans coming back to their old jobs, government propaganda started preparing women for a return to their pre-war roles as mothers and housewives. Although most women acquiesced to this expectation, a number found themselves attached to their greater independent status.

a 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63)

a 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63) Barbara Billingsley, who represented the iconic figure of the postwar American housewife on the TV sitcom, Leave it to Beaver.

Jane Wyatt was the first TV mom, although the show was entitled "Father Knows Best”. It was so popular in the 1950s that, when production ended, it continued to be shown in primetime for the next three years. Dad’s nicknames for the kids were Bud, Kitten, and Princess. Guess who was who.

Another popular TV mom in the early 1960s was Donna Reed. During the beginning credits she would be handing out lunches to her kids and husband as they went out into the real world. One problem: Her husband left without giving her a kiss goodbye. She’s so sad until, each week, he comes back just in time for the end of the credits and gives her a kiss to make her day.

Here’s Donna with her TV family. It doesn’t get much better than this. If it did, we wouldn’t need TV.

Part of an 8-page photo essay, entitled “Occupation: Housewife”from the September 22, 1941 issue of Life Magazine. It was intended to show the life of a typical housewife in Kankakee, Illinois. reprinted in the New York times in 2006, with one alteration seen below. The picture of the woman’s grandfather has been replaced with a picture of Betty Friedan.

The daughter of the woman in the picture sent the following letter to the Times about the reprint: To the Editor: I agree that issuing marching orders to women today is “not helpful.” To try to label women is an act of futility, making them one-dimensional when in fact most women’s lives are complicated and change with time and circumstance. But I was most taken with the photograph accompanying your article, because the woman portrayed cleaning her house was my mother, Jane LeValleyAmberg. As noted, the photo was taken by William C. Shrout for LIFE magazine and was originally published September 22, 1941, in a feature article titled “Occupation: Housewife.” My mother was unhappy with the published article, because she was portrayed as a “typical” American housewife who cared only for home and family. Not mentioned was the fact that, with no college degree, she was also a voracious reader and a committed liberal Democrat who cared deeply about national and international issues. Our first TV was bought so that she could watch the Army-McCarthy hearings. Sixty-five years after the Life article, women still struggle with the rigid, one-dimensional labels of “stay-at-home moms” and “women who work.” Pamela Loewenstein Lawrence, Kansas

a 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63) Failure to enforce gender clause of Civil Rights Act National Org. of Women (1966)

a 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63) Failure to enforce gender clause of Civil Rights Act National Org. of Women (1966) Viet. War Counter-cult. rejects warrior ethic (FC.145)

a 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63) Failure to enforce gender clause of Civil Rights Act National Org. of Women (1966) Civ. Rts & anti-war movements treat women as infer. (FC.145) Viet. War Counter-cult. rejects warrior ethic (FC.145)

a 1992- record # of women gain office “Second Wave” of Women’s movement (1966-92) works through courts & legislatures for equality in workplace & at home 1972- Title IX gender equal. in ed. 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill 1973- Roe v. Wade  legal abortions 1977- Nat’l Coalition vs. Domes. Violence 1978- Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63) Failure to enforce gender clause of Civil Rights Act National Org. of Women (1966) Civ. Rts & anti-war movements treat women as infer. (FC.145) Viet. War Counter-cult. rejects warrior ethic (FC.145) 1982 -Decade-long efforts to ratify ERA fall short by three states

The Women’s Liberation movement kicked off September 7, 1968 at the Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City. About 100 women, calling themselves the New York Radical Women, staged a protest outside the pageant center, running a mock cattle auction with themselves as the meat and throwing various "instruments of female torture," including make-up, high heels, Good Housekeeping magazine, girdles, garter belts and bras into a “Freedom Trash Can”. The plan was to burn the contents, but they couldn’t get a permit for public burning. However, the idea of women burning their bras (the female counterpart to men burning their draft cards?) stuck in people’s heads, even though there were no documented cases of bra burnings, at least intentional ones. That night, the protestors succeeded in getting into the pageant gallery and hanging a protest banner. It was the first time the American public saw the slogan “Women’s Liberation”.

In the same year, 1968, the NAACP held a Miss Black America Pageant to celebrate the beauty of Black Women. The convergence of this event with the Women’s Liberation protest highlighted the dilemma Black women found themselves in during the 1970s: were they more committed to Black liberation or Women’s Liberation, which was largely a white middle class driven movement.

It didn’t take long for corporate America to exploit the Women’s movement for the sake of pure profit.

Common stereotypes of men & women Women drivers Men like to drive fast Women want love Men just want sex PMS excuse Men are vulgar Women are too sensitive Men are insensitive Women are neat freaks Men are messy Women are passive/aggressive Men are aggressive/aggressive Women are more verbal & talk too much & gossip Men are more mathematical Women are manipulative Men can’t listen Women are weak & need/want protection Men are strong & assertive All women think they are fat Men can’t commit Women need reassurance Men need reassurance

Before Roe v. Wade Abortions are not a new phenomenon. Safe and legal abortions are. Until the industrial revolution, high birth rates were essential to just keep a population’s numbers stable for everything from getting the crops in to defending society against marauders. Therefore, abortions were seen as a crime against society as a whole. Further complicating the issue was the question of when life begins: at conception, at birth, or someplace in between. Most people believed it was conception, which made getting a safe and legal abortion was extremely difficult and dangerous. Left: Madame Restell who illicitly ran abortion clinics in New York, Boston, & Philadelphia for forty years before committing suicide on the eve of her trial in 1878. By 1870, her annual advertising budget was an estimated $60,000.

For example, in New York State, a woman with some money could go before an obstetrics panel and apply for a “therapeutic abortion” on psychological grounds such as pregnancy being a threat to the baby or herself. However, it was difficult and expensive to get such a procedure. By the same token, reputable doctors and nurses were rarely willing to perform illegal abortions, since being caught would cost them their licenses and reputations.

Thus women desperate for abortions had to resort to unqualified and less than reputable people for illegal procedures, which could take two forms: surgery and abortifacient drugs that would induce abortion. Surgeries would involve sharp instruments, including according to some rumors, coat hangers. In addition to uncontrolled bleeding, the patient might also be treated with improperly sterilized instruments that could lead to infection. Another treatment was pushing a tube through the cervix and injecting Lysol into the uterus.

Ever since ancient times midwives and other abortionists have used abortifacient herbs, such as sylphium, rue, hellebore, and pennyroyal, to induce abortions. Some of these, such as pennyroyal, can cause severe complications and even death. As recently as 1978 and 1994 women have died from pennyroyal poisoning while trying to induce abortions. Below: a 13th century midwife inducing an abortion through the use of pennyroyal

Techniques to induce abortion without surgery or herbs were also prescribed since antiquity. They included strenuous exercise (in particular jumping up and down hitting the buttocks with the heels each time), pouring hot water on the abdomen, sitting over a steaming pot, and lying on a heated coconut shell. Although generally safer than the surgical and herbal techniques, they were also less effective. Therefore women desperate for abortions were faced with some dangerous and scary options.

A Soviet poster from 1925 warns against unsafe abortions: "Abortions performed by either trained or self-taught midwives not only maim the woman, they also often lead to death.” Lenin made Russia the first modern country to legalize abortions and try to make them safe for women. Stalin reversed this in 1936 in order to get birth rates up, but abortion was again legalized in 1956, three years after his death.

a “Second Wave” of Women’s movement (1966-92) works through courts & legislatures for equality in workplace & at home 1972- Title IX gender equal. in ed. 1973- Roe v. Wade  legal abortions 1977- Nat’l Coalition vs. Domes. Violence 1978- Pregnancy Discrimination Act 1992- record # of women gain office 1921-Marg. Sanger forms Am. Birth Control League 1964- Civ.Rts Act No sex. discr. 1960- FDA approves B. Control pill FC.148A THE WOMEN’S MOVEMENT II (1920-92) “1st wave” of the Women’s Movement (1848-1920) Women have the vote, but not equality in the workplace or at home (FC.114) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Women’s role in WWII (FC.136) Efforts by feminists to gain social & economic equality (1920-66): 1923- ERA introd. to elim. sex discr. Never passed 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1945- return to domes. role “Housewife Syndr.” (FC.142) 1936- Mailing B. Control info legal ‘43- Intr. Eq. Pay ActOK’d (‘63) Failure to enforce gender clause of Civil Rights Act National Org. of Women (1966) Civ. Rts & anti-war movements treat women as infer. (FC.145) Viet. War Counter-cult. rejects warrior ethic (FC.145) 1 change in soc. affects rest of soc. (FC.1) 1982 -Decade-long efforts to ratify ERA fall short by three states

FC.1 BIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL & TECHNOLOGICAL EVOLUTION IN HISTORY