Early Industrial Growth

1. Early Industrial Growth

2. Growth and Development of Industry and Society • How did the following lead to the rise of Northeastern manufacturing? • Technology • Competition • How did the following lead to the expansion of markets? • Existing trade patterns • The growth of cities and towns • The opening of the West • Changes in transportation • Government and Business • How did industrial growth impact the following economic classes? • Upper class • Middle class • Urban poor • Business class

3. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did American industry grow and what was the impact on society in 19th century America?

4. The Transportation Revolution

5. First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

6. Cumberland (National Road), 1811

7. Conestoga Covered Wagons Conestoga Trail, 1820s

8. Erie Canal System

9. Erie Canal, 1820s Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

10. Robert Fulton & the Steamboat 1807: The Clermont

11. Principal Canals in 1840

12. Inland Freight Rates

13. Clipper Ships

14. The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830) 1830  13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RRBy 1850  9000 mi. of RR track [1860  31,000 mi.]

15. TheRailroadRevolution,1850s • Immigrant laborbuilt the Northern Railroads • Slave labor built the Southern railroads • Who has more track?

16. New Inventions: "Yankee Ingenuity"

17. Resourcefulness & Experimentation • Americans: willing to try anything • Copiers then innovators. 1800  41 patents were approved 1860 4,357 patents were approved

18. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1791 Slavery was a dying institution before this invention!

19. Eli Whitney’s Gun Factory Interchangeable Parts Rifle

20. OliverEvans First automated flour mill First prototype of the locomotive

21. John Deere & the Steel Plow(1837)

22. Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

23. Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 – Telegraph

24. Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858

25. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840sSewing Machine

26. The “American Dream” Material advance was the natural fruit of American republicanism & proof of the country’s virtue and promise. A German visitor in the 1840s, Friedrich List, observed: Anything new is quickly introduced here, including all of the latest inventions. There is no clinging to old ways. The moment an American hears the word “invention,” he pricks up his ears.

27. The Northern Industrial "Juggernaut"

28. Boom/Bust Cycles: 1790-1860

29. Creating a Business-Friendly Climate • Supreme Court Rulings: • Fletcher v. Peck (1810) – first time S.C. ruled state law unconstitutional • Dartmouth v. Woodward (1819) – allowed for private charters • McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) – elastic clause (implied powers); states can’t hinder federal government • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) – interstate commerce clause General Incorporation Law  passed in New York, 1848 Allowed corporations to form without a government charter Laissez faire  government is keeping “hands off” in regulating but is doing much to assist capitalism!

30. Distribution of Wealth • During the American Revolution,45% of all wealth in the top 10% ofthe population. • 1845 Boston  top 4% owned over 65% of the wealth. • 1860 Philadelphia  top 1% owned over 50% of the wealth. • The gap between rich and poor was widening!

31. Samuel Slater(“Father of the Factory System”)

32. The Lowell/Waltham System:First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

33. Lowell in 1850

34. Lowell Mill

35. Early Textile Loom

36. New EnglandTextileCenters:1830s

37. New England Dominance in Textiles

38. Starting for Lowell

39. Lowell Girls What was their typical “profile?”

40. Lowell Boarding Houses What was boardinghouse life like?

41. Lowell Mills Time Table

42. Early Labor Movement

43. Impact on Social Structure • Wealthy • Urban Poor • Business class • Benevolent empire • Business class revival and reform

44. Results of Industrial Growth How does Impact Wealthy Urban Poor Business class Benevolent empire Business class revival and reform • Rise of New England manufacturing • Expansion of markets • Growth of cities and towns • Impact on the west • Impact on transportation • Impact on government and business What role do the Democrats and Whigs play?

45. Early “Union” Newsletter

46. The Factory Girl’s Garland February 20, 1845 issue.

47. I’m a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fearFrom breathing in the poison airWishing for windows!I'm a factory girlTired from the 13 hours of work each dayAnd we have such low payWishing for shortened work times!I'm a factory girlNever having enough time to eatNor to rest my feetWishing for more free time!I'm a factory girlSick of all these harsh conditionsMaking me want to sign the petition!So do what I ask for because I am a factory girlAnd I'm hereby speaking for all the rest! Factory girls were working 14 hours a day six days a week In 1844 they petitioned to have maximum 10 hour days They presented the government with a scroll of over 4,500 signatures for a 10 hour day They government didn’t address the issue

48. Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

49. The Early Union Movement • Began with skilled workers • Used their skills as bargaining tools • Workingman’s Party (1828)Founded by Robert Dale Owen and others in New York City • Advocated equal taxation, abolition of banks, universal education • Early unions were usually local, social, and weak

50. The Early Union Movement • Commonwealth v. Hunt(1842) • Unions are only criminal if their objectives are criminal • Unions have the right to a closed shop (even strike if necessary)